The Six Day War Causes And Effects - 1909 Words

The Six Day war was a decisive battle along religious, economic, and social lines. This conflict between Israel and the Arab world is not just one of long standing hate, it spans economic and nationalistic ideals. The Six day war itself was merely a consequence of the preconditions already laid in place. This paper will explore the Six Day War as well as its causes and effects. It is not entirely feasible to discuss every single precondition that leads to the war as that would require exploring the entire span of Middle Eastern history. The entire span of Middle Eastern history is a story of the breakdown of social capital between the various ethnic and religious population and wider world they interacted with. Social capital is†¦show more content†¦However, international pressure from the Soviets and Americans alike forced the Israeli-European coalition to withdraw. President Nasser became an Arab nationalist hero overnight and the Soviet Union had one foot firmly placed w ithin the Middle East. The Suez Canal Crisis was just an indicator of the breakdown of social capital that would eventually plague the relationship between Judaism and Islam. The â€Å"norms of reciprocity† became conflict and thus conflict is what was used to solve not only religious disputes but economic and territorial as well. It is crucial to note that the two religions are not sworn enemies on religious grounds, rather they are enemies based on territorial claims. It does not say in the Quran that all Jews must be eliminated from the world. Likewise, it does not claim in the Torah that all Muslims must be eradicated for some higher purpose. Instead as the conflicts throughout the ages shows the conflicts are rather based on competing claims of the same territory and resources. In the Suez Canal crisis it was about the canal itself with international powers such as France and Great Britain using the mistrust between the Egyptians and Israelis to their advantage. One c ould even argue that the Six Day war could be considered more than just a regional war, it could very well be considered part of the Cold War. In the early 1960’s the United States began selling weapon shipments of tanks, aircraft, and small arms toShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Six Day War1064 Words   |  5 Pagesact of war. F. May 30, 1967: Jordan signs defense treaty with Egypt after Israel had repeatedly asked they remain neutral G. June 3, 1967: Military Buildup H. June 5, 1967 : Six Day War Begins The Six Day War as it became known was the third conflict between Israel and Arab nations. It was essentially a continuation of the first two conflicts as they were never really resolved. As it is the causes of the Six Day war were the same as earlier, Arab disdain for Israel’s existence. The Six DayRead MoreThe Dark Times Of The Holocaust1088 Words   |  5 PagesAll around the world every single day history is being made. And after a few moments, that’s just what it is-history. We can either learn from our mistakes over time, or we can recreate them. Most people think it’s best to learn from the dark times of the Holocaust then to relive them. Courage and bravery are great characteristics to have, but when you hold too much of them in you it will take you over. It will control you and take your whole body over slowly. Lots of historians believe this is whatRead MoreA Situational Analysis of the US Diplomatic Efforts during President Lyndon Baines Johnsons T ime in Office928 Words   |  4 Pagesforeign policy issues requiring American diplomatic efforts. Those two included the situation in Vietnam and the Six Day War in Israel. To resolve the Vietnam crisis required more of a concerted effort to cease fighting the endless, impossible battle against communism. This was not a matter of foreign diplomacy. What did require United States diplomatic effort was the resolution of the Six Day War in Israel. To address the conflict brewing in Israel, Johnson outlined five great principles for peace inRead MoreAn Analysis Of David L. Snead s An American Soldier 949 Words   |  4 Pages An American Soldier in World War I, edited by David L. Snead is a collection of letters written by a World War I soldier, George Browne, to his girlfriend, Martha. Professor David L. Snead was given these letters by one of his students in the 1990s . In this book, Professor Snead wanted to focus on the life of a Soldier in World War I and George’s letter describing the events first hand is a great way to help readers understand the hardships. The thesis here in this book gives a solid but briefRead MoreCause And Effects Of Stalingrad By Tanner Emslie1470 Words   |  6 Pages Cause and effects of Stalingrad By: Tanner Emslie Its obvious that Stalingrad is a major part in world war two it changes the tide of the war it lead to Germany s defeat but what were the actual effects of the war and what had caused Stalingrad to change the war.In this battle their were forty-eight days of an enraged a bitter battle, unparalleled in the history of mankind. In this war Hitler had become drugged with success and had tried to defeat the soviet union in less than three monthsRead MoreBiography Of Margaret Macmillan s Paris 19191437 Words   |  6 PagesMargaret Macmillan’s Paris 1919: Six Months that Changed the World attempts to provide a complete narrative of the tense six months in which the world met in Paris after the Armistice that ended the First World War. Macmillan herself is a Professor of International History at the University of Oxford as well as the Warden of St Antony’s College . She is also the great granddaughter of British Prime Minister David Lloyd George . In the book Macmillan provid es unprecedented insight into this PeaceRead MoreEssay on Tragedy in Jewish History1165 Words   |  5 Pagesprosperous modern day Israel , bigotry towards the Jews has been greatly evident. The Jewish race has acted as Escape Goat for many crisis throughout history including the black plague which swept across Europe in the 14th century. The establishment of Israel was a great incident was something the Jewish people were striving to obtain for generations. This, however, led to four major conflicts between Israel and the Arab countries. One of the most meaningful wars was the Six-Day War. Events suchRead MoreNursing And Medicine During World War I959 Words   |  4 Pages Nursing and Medicine During World War I Sydney DePaolo Ms. Beck Honors World Cultures Period 3 19 May 2017 â€Æ' Women in Nursing and Medicine in World War I All the principals on the western front drew on large numbers of nurses to serve in military hospitals during World War I. Women played an essential role in helping and saving other’s lives. They often performed dangerous work and experienced the horror of the war first hand. There were thousands working as untrained midwives and nursesRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles, By Georges Clemenceau, And Woodrow Wilson1098 Words   |  5 PagesThe Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the systematic murder between 1933 and 1945 of more than six million Jews. It occurred because of anti-Semitism, and its intention was to eliminate the â€Å"inferior race.† â€Å"Neighboring Poland - The First Target: ‘All Poles will disappear from the world.... It is essential that the great German people should consider it as its major task to destroy all Poles’† (Himmler 1). This quote from Himmler states that all people of Polish descent should be obliteratedRead More Hiroshima And Nagasaki Bombing Of Hiroshima1206 Words   |  5 PagesWorld War Two Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing The Bombing In 1945, the US dropped 2 atomic bombs on the cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, causing hundreds of thousands civilian deaths. Some people say that this act helped to end the world war and save more lives, but others think that it was not needed and wasn t the cause of the Japanese surrender. Sequence of Events 5th August 1945 President gives approval to use bombs 6th August 1945 Bombing of Hiroshima 9th August 1945 Bombing of Nagasaki

Science And Religion A Very Short Introduction - 1198 Words

â€Å"Darwin and Evolution† and â€Å"Creationism and Intelligent Design,† Science and Religion: A Very Short Introduction (pp. 58-103) by Thomas Dixon The author, Thomas Dixon explains Evolution and creationism in separate chapters in his book, â€Å"Science and Religion: A Very Short Introduction.† The evolution chapter talks about the history of Charles Darwin’s evolution, its challenges of the root of all living creatures as started in the Bible and it effect it has brought in American society. In the chapter, Dixon explain that Darwin was enroll in Christ College (Church of England), Cambridge in England to study mathematics and theology in order to become a â€Å"Reverend,† after he had refuse to continue his medical training. Darwin could not†¦show more content†¦The discoveries of his Beagle voyage and the books he read compelled him to develop â€Å"the theory of evolution and natural selection (Origin of Species). These books were William Paley (Natural Theology, or Evidence of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity, Collected from the Appearances of Nature); Thomas Malthus (an essay on the principle of population); and Charles Lyell (principles of geological) books he read according to the author. The theory (Origin of Species) state, â€Å"all living things including human being are all equally the lineal descendants of the same aboriginal common ancestor.† This theory, created a debate between churches and the people who believe in evolution in 1860, as it describe human being to be evolve from apes but not created from God. Even though, Darwin’s friend Thomas Huxley was able to defend evolution against Bishop Samuel Wilberforce. However, the question about how the world came is not clear in evolution knowledge, which has led to the theory of Creationism and the theory of Intelligent Design according to the author. This began a new chapter. This charter explains that a movement of Anti- Darwinian Theory come with a theory called â€Å"Intelligent Design† to challenge evolution. These group believe that God design all living things but not evolution. They based their point on â€Å"the complex chain of chemical process in cell such as blood clotting in mammals, irreducible complexity of the flagellum

Rohingya Free Essays

Rohigya are Muslim ethnic group in northern Rakhine state located in western Burma now known as Myanmar and Rohingya minority in Burma also. Violence and oppression of the Rohingya population in Myanmar has shocked the world with a massive killer Rohingya in Myanmar. The issue of ethnic cleansing is the main cause of violence and repression carried out on ethnic Rohingya in Myanmar. We will write a custom essay sample on Rohingya or any similar topic only for you Order Now ? In 1982, the Muslim Rohingya suddenly declared as foreigners in their own country. ? They suppress by law â€Å"Burma Citizenship Law of 1982† that discriminate against Rohingya ethnic and religious nature of their citizenship is not recognized. The need for citizenship in Myanmar is not specified for the Rohingya. Rohingya people as a minority community in Myanmar caused them to be considered â€Å"illegal Bengalis† and hated by the majority of people in Burma. ? For a pro-democracy group, they consider the Rohingya is a liar and the group intended to kill all the Rohingya in Myanmar. This is because they are laughing at black people from the Indian subcontinent. Violence and oppression of Myanmar Rohingya cause by disputes and discrimination between both Islam and Buddhism. ? Muslim Rohingya supported by Buddhist monks, but they do not accept immigrants. They give harsh treatment to women and children who ousted Rohingya people outside the temple and not given food and drink. ? children were denied the right to education and Muslim women are not allowed to veil, and one of them is to prevent discrimination and rape. ? Muslims are not allowed to perform the pilgrimage and perform the sacrificial slaughter at al-Adha. These conditions restrict them to live as independently Muslims. ? In addition, the right medicine at the hospital and clinic denies Muslim Rohingya where they charged treatment is too expensive. Violence and repression carried out on ethnic Rohingya in Myanmar have a great impact on all ethnic Rohingya as human rights violations.  ¬ incident of extortion against Rohingya Muslims, accused of human rights because they impose arbitrary taxes such as land seizures, forced evictions, destruction of houses and finances marriage restrictions. ?  ¬ It is also used as forced labor for the construction of roads and military camps. Abused forced labor by the Myanmar military regime continues to commit death sentence, torture and rape brutal action. Part of the Rohingya forced to work without pay for infrastructure projects in Myanmar economy. Another effect of extortion against the Muslim Rohingya, all ethnic people living in this suffering in their own country. Some of the 100,000 Rohingya people killed by the regime Myanmar brutal action. Between suffering; – The destruction of the mosque taken out and replaced with Buddhist pagoda – Weddings and any union movement restricted and exercised only in Burma military agreement. – Arrest, torture and rape of women. – Compulsion to renounce Islam and forced to convert to Buddhism. Not allowed to possess any firearms or knives. – Not allowed to own any means of communication such as mobile phones. Will be arrested and jailed for seven years if it is. Results from disputes involving Rohingya persecution in Myanmar, half a million Rohingya Muslims who survived the brutal acts Myanmar regime had become refugees housed in refugee camps in Bangladesh, Th ailand, and Pakistan. In addition, dozens of Rohingya refugees in the refugee camps located in Kutupalong and persuade Bazaar in Bangladesh live in very poor conditions for Bangladesh authorities do not provide any assistance to them. Rohingya refugees living in difficulty as not to have any financial resources, accommodation, food and clothing. Violence and repression carried out on ethnic Rohingya in Myanmar has violated the human rights of ethnic Rohingya. Many innocent human lives Rohingya have died from violence and persecution of Rohingya without any help from many quarters, including the Association of the United Nations (UN). The world community will need to provide a rational public debate on the future to help and defend the fate of ethnic Rohingya in Myanmar on human rights policy. How to cite Rohingya, Essay examples

Financial Statements Of Debt and Equity †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Financial Statements Of Debt and Equity. Answer: Introduction: This report has been prepared over the financial statements of a company to analyze and investigate the debt and equity position of the company. In this report, capital structure of a company has been analyzed and further the pros and cons of the capital structure of the company has been described on the basis of their debt and equity position. Further, the accounting concept has been analyzed and according to the position of the company, matching concept has been analyzed and it has been found that how this concept is helping the company to accumulate and manage the materiality concept. More, the advantages and the disadvantages of the matching principle have been investigated in the concern of the company to manage and administer the position and the performance of the company. Capital structure of the company: Capital structure of the company has been analyzed trough investing over the performance and the position of the organization. Capital structure is the point where the debt and equity of an organization are evaluated and the relations of both the sources are identified. It is the process which depicts the user about the ideal ratio of the debt and equity. According to the given case, the debt of the company is Euro 28024 in 2014 and Euro 28576 in 2013. Further, the equity of the company is Euro 55959 and Euro 53659 in 2014 and 2013 respectively. Through these calculations, it has been around that the comapny has raised its funds 33% though the debt and 67% through the equity. According to it, it is required for the company to manage and identify the position and maintain the funds of the company through the market position (Kaplan and Atkinson, 2015). Capital structure 2014 2013 Weight Total debt 28024 28576 0.33 Total Equity 55959 53659 0.67 83983 The above given table depict about the debt position and equity position of the company. The debt equity ratio of the company is 1:2 which an ideal ratio is. This ratio depict that the company has just double amount of total debts that means it is quite easy for the company to manage the risk factor as whenever the debt holder would ask for the money, comapny could repay them through the equity and it is also cost saving ratio (Lumby and Jones, 2007). Due to the fact that no matter what position company is facing, it becomes mandatory for the company to pay the fixed interest to the debt holders whereas in equity funds, comapny is only required to pay the dividends to the equity holders when comapny has made some profits. Through this analysis, it has been found that the current position of the debt and equity of the company is perfect (Moles, Parrino and Kidwekk, 2011). Comapny is not required to pay any extra cost for the funds as the same time, the risk and return factor of the company has also been managed. The current debt and equity position is an ideal position for the industry which would help the organization at every level of the decision making, cost reducing, profit enhancing etc. Advantages and disadvantages: Further, a literature review study has been done over the advantages and disadvantages of capital structure of the company in context of debt and equity. Through this report, it has been found that the current position of the debt and equity of the company is perfect as according to the study of Ward (2012), at this level company is required to pay very less interest to the debt holders. Further, the current capital structure makes it more obvious for the company to enhance and diversify the activities and operations into various new markets with less associated risk. According to the study of Weaver, Weston and Weaver, (2001), it has been analyzed that the debt of an organization must be lower with the equity of the company so that the associated risk of the organization could be lesser as well as it also reduce the level of the cost consumption of the company. The current capital structure makes the company more independent as the equity amount is the amount of the owners which is not required to pay by the comapny again and thus the loan position of the company is very lower (Zimmerman and Yahya-Zadeh, 2011). Further, it has also been studied that the current position of the equity is bit higher and thus the ownership of the comapny has been diluted and according to the Crosson and Needles, (2013), this state makes it difficult for the organization to make a better and quick decision about the betterment of the organization. According to the Crowther, (2007), the current position of the debt is lower but still the company has to repay the entire amount back to the debt holders along with the interest and it would enhance the cost of the company. More, it has been found that the company is required to pay some % of the total profit of the equity holders by the name of the dividend. It becomes a pressure over the organization to take a decision about the retained earnings and the dividend. According to the study of the Daft and Samson, (2014), if the business takes off than the organization is required to share a part of the total earnings with the equity holders. Further, Davis and Davis, (2011) has depicted into his study that with the time, the expectations of the equity holder enhances and thus it becomes a pressure over the business to pay more dividends to the equity holders to retain them and attract more investors towards the business. Thus through this study, it has been found that the debt and equity management is a crucial and complicated task for an organization as at this stage, it is contradictory for the managers and the business to identify the best level of the debt and equity and set them in the business to make more profits and reduce the level of the risk in the business. Matching principle: Through the study over the financial statement of this company, it has been found that this company uses the accrual method and rather than waiting for the cash collection of a transaction, it records the transaction when it has taken place. According to the given case, it has been found that there are various accounts receivable as well as accounts payable which have taken place but still the cash payment has not been done for that. Through the analysis, it has been found that this company uses the matching concept to manage and record the transaction into the books of the company. Matching concept express that the accounting and recording of the financial information must not been done according to the cash basis rather than it must be done according to the accrual basis to manage the position of the company and to reach over a good conclusion (Moles, Parrino and Kidwekk, 2011). According to the study of the Davis and Davis (2011), matching principle is the best principle to record the financial transaction into the books of an organization. Crosson and Needles, (2013) depict into his study that the matching principle makes it easy for the organization, managers as well as the users of the accounting report to analyze the position of the company. Regardless, in cash basis accounting recording, it becomes though for the organization to evaluate the position of the company. Through the study over the financial reports in the given case, it has been found that the entire transaction has been recorded into the income statement by the company to manage and evaluate the better position of the company and further, for making it clear about the transaction, the amount which has not been received into the cash or which has not been paid by the company has been shown into the balance sheet of the company. According to the study of the Horngren, (2009), the accounting concept which has been used by the company could be evaluated and analyzed through the financial reports of the company. Such as, in the given reports, the total revenues has been given Euro 74,686 and at the same time, it has been mentioned into the balance sheet of the company that Euro 21,558 has still not been received by the company and it would most probably received by the company in the next month. The study of Ward (2012) depict that the matching accounting principle make it more easy for the comapny to achieve the targets as the real position of the company could easily be achieved and a better result could be got. Further, Damodaran (2011) depict that for managing the position and the extra amount which has not been received but which has been shown into the books could be written off through the books by making the adjusting entries. Advantages and disadvantages: Further, a literature review study has been done over the advantages and disadvantages of matching accounting principle of the company in context of accrual methods. Through this report, it has been found that currently, this company is using the matching accounting principle to record the financial information of the business and maintain the position and performance of the company. Horngren (2009) depict that matching concept is based over the concept that recording must be done of every transaction at the time they take place and through the given case, this company uses the accrual method and rather than waiting for the cash collection of a transaction, it records the transaction when it has taken place. According to the study of the Davies and Crawford, (2011), matching principle is the best principle to record the financial transaction into the books of an organization. Garrison, Noreen, Brewer and McGowan, (2010) depict into his study that the matching principle makes it easy for the organization, managers as well as the users of the accounting report to analyze the position of the company. Regardless, in cash basis accounting recording, it becomes though for the organization to evaluate the position of the company (Hoque, 2002). According to the study of Bromwich and Bhimani, (2005), it has been analyzed that the matching concept works on the point that the correlation must be there among all the transaction and all the transaction must be matched. This becomes the matching concept more reliable and further, this study depict that the users could evaluate the entire given information in their own way and make a better decision about the investment into the company (Damodaran, 2011). Further, through the study of the various analyst, it has been found that there are few drawbacks of the matching concept which makes this principle bit doubtful and due to which, some financial managers do not like to choose this principle while making the financial reports (Needles, Powers and Crosson, 2013). According to Bierman, (2010), inflation rate makes an impact over the prices and thus a distortion sneaks into the uses of the matching principle. Deegan, (2013) depict that matching concept depict that entire transactions must be recorded whether the cash has been collected or not and for matching theses values, adjusting entries must be done but after a periods of time, the worth of the amount altered and thus it makes an impact over the performance and the position of the company. Thus through this study, it has been found that the matching principle is an beneficial principle which helps the manager of the organization to maintain all the activities into the accounting books as well as it also helps the company and the stakeholders of the company to evaluate the right position of the company. This concept also evaluates the right position of the profit. Conclusion: To conclude, debt and equity management is a crucial and complicated task for an organization as at this stage, it is contradictory for the managers and the business to identify the best level of the debt and equity and set them in the business to make more profits and reduce the level of the risk in the business. As well as, matching principle helps the manager of an organization to maintain entire operations into the books so that it could help the stakeholder of the company to evaluate the right position of the company. References: Bierman, H., 2010.An introduction to accounting and managerial finance: a merger of equals. World Scientific. Bromwich, M. and Bhimani, A., 2005.Management accounting: Pathways to progress. Cima publishing. Crosson, S. V. and Needles, B. E., 2013, Managerial Accounting, 10thedn.,Cengage Learning, USA. Crowther, D., 2007, Managing Finance, Routledge, Burlington. Daft, R. L.and Samson, D., 2014, Fundamentals of management: Asia Pacific edition PDF, 5thedn.,Cengage Learning, Australia. Damodaran, A, 2011, Applied corporate finance,3rd edition, John Wiley and sons, USA Davies, T. and Crawford, I., 2011. Business accounting and finance. Pearson. Davis, C. E.and Davis, E., 2011, Managerial accounting, John Wiley Sons, USA. Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Garrison, R.H., Noreen, E.W., Brewer, P.C. and McGowan, A., 2010. Managerial accounting. Issues in Accounting Education, 25(4), pp.792-793. Hansen, D., Mowen, M. and Guan, L., 2007.Cost management: accounting and control. Cengage Learning. Hoque, Z., 2002.Strategic management accounting. Spiro Press. Horngren, C.T., 2009.Cost accounting: A managerial emphasis, 13/e. Pearson Education India. Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015.Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning. Lumby,S and Jones,C,.2007, Corporate finance theory and practice, 7th edition, Thomson, London Moles, P. Parrino, R and Kidwekk, D,.2011, Corporate finance, European edition, John Wiley andsons, United Kingdom Needles, B., Powers, M. and Crosson, S., 2013.Financial and managerial accounting. Nelson Education. Ward, K., 2012.Strategic management accounting. Routledge. Weaver, S.C., Weston, J.F. and Weaver, S., 2001.Finance and accounting for nonfinancial managers. New York: McGraw-Hill. Zimmerman, J.L. and Yahya-Zadeh, M., 2011. Accounting for decision making and control.Issues in Accounting Education,26(1), pp.258-259

Human Genome Project Essays (1432 words) - Genomics, Biotechnology

Human Genome Project The Task at Hand Science is defined as knowledge based on observed facts and tested truths arranged in an orderly system. It has had an extreme effect on technology, which covers production, transportation, and even entertainment. In the past, though, science has always remained distant. However, with the birth of genetic engineering, science has become something that will deeply affect lives. Advancements are being made daily with genetic engineering: the Human Genome Project is nearly done, gene replacement therapy lies within reach, and cloning is on the horizon. Genetically altered foods have already become an important aspect of life with new and better varieties (Bier, 2001, p.65) and even the possibilities of solving world hunger. There is no doubt of the benefits that genetic engineering can offer society, but can scientists look that far ahead and truly say what is for the good of society? Does the world understand genetics enough to welcome the possibilities with open arms? Society often runs away or hides from problems, but with genetic engineering it cannot ignore the possible outcomes whether good or bad. Genetic engineering is clearly beneficial to all kinds of people, but it is possible that negative issues exist which could counteract any good results. In the near term, there are some very interesting and important issues that we all should consider as a society because they raise potentially profound moral and ethical questions (Bier, 2001, p. 70). Such issues are that of discrimination and the dangers and difficulty in making ethical decisions. It is societys duty to step back and view these issues before pursuing genetic research and heading down a destructive path. Since the origin of man, discrimination has found its way into every type of society through forms of sexism, racism, and religious and cultural prejudice. Throughout the years, though, society has worked to reduce such intolerances and give everyone equal rights. However, if genetic engineering is added to the scene, equal rights could possibly plummet into oblivion. Andrew Niccol accentuates such inequality in his movie Gattaca. In Gattaca, Vincent Freeman is a man who is born naturally instead of in a lab. Because of this he is labeled by the world as an invalid, and no employment, social position, or even love is possible for him except for those assigned specially to invalids. In order to obtain his dream job, Vincent must use anothers identity to pass as a valid. The fact that he must be a valid to acquire a decent job points out the possible outcome of discrimination in the employment world if genetic engineering would become a reality. Employers could obtain a sample of a per sons DNA and not give him/her the job solely based on genes. Like in Gattaca, there would become jobs for those genetically engineered: lawyers, doctors, and businessmen; and jobs for those naturally born: janitors, bus drivers, and garbage men. In short, equality of rights and opportunity would cease to exist. Discrimination, however, would not stop with employment. Prejudice would become an everyday event even in social life. If genetic engineering leads to pre-picking genes to prevent birth defects, how will we react to children we meet who have that disorder? (Baker, 2001). People will see the child and wonder why it was born. Parents will have the chance to choose whatever genes they see fit for their child, offering it the best of everything. Society, however, will then look down upon those children naturally born. If this type of genetic engineering becomes a common occurrence, society is bound to discriminate against those people with defects or even differences. Yet differences are not bad and can be seen as unique and characteristic of the person they belong to. Some people even say that genetic engineering would undermine the right of every person to be valued for his or her uniqueness (Baker, 2001). The argument is that upon entering this life, a person is given certain qualities and inequalities that make him/her unique to each other. These qualities shape experiences, which in turn shape lives. Even the obstacles a person faces are meant to mold him/her and add character. Genetic engineering, however, removes some of these obstacles. Like in Gattaca, people would conceivably

Research Paper on Measurement in Financial Recording

Research Paper on Measurement in Financial Recording Measurement in Financial Recording research paper: In the recent past there has been a strong a desire and need for reforms in the manner in which accounting of financial instruments and statements is done. This has come as a result of a number of developments in the market. These developments have mainly been characterised by diverse financial innovations, which have blurred the establishment of a clear distinction between the existing financial instruments. Consequently, this has contributed to developing markets for those instruments that have been traditionally considered as non tradable and illiquid (Enria et al, 2004). There has also been evident disappearance of the rationale of the existing diverse accounting treatment that is related to securities, banking and insurance services. This is because they all cover and serve similar economic function. There have been two major approaches which have been recommended in the previous decade as being essential in line with measurements in financial accounting. The first recommendation is anchored on methods of valuation in accordance to past transaction which is referred to as Historical Cost analysis. Second argument is based on the current existing market value, which is referred to as Fair Value Accounting. The Historical based approach has been a fundamental part of America’s accounting systems. Through this approach, assets are always presented on a balance sheet, in terms of their value at the time when they were being acquired, which is essentially the use of purchase cost. However, in this era where there is intense usage of financial instruments that are highly complicated, the majority of stakeholders are questioning the appropriateness of Historical cost accounting. This has also been fostered by the adoption of strategies for risk management which makes former prices to be obsolete. We are now compelled to come to the conclusion that, replacing the historical cost accounting with a current cost system, will lead financial reporting into being more accurate. This brings on board the adoption of Fair Valuation as being most appropriate financial accounting tool. Recent developments are evident from modifications made by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), on the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). These changes involve rapid modernisation of these principles in an effort to make financial statements more meaningful to industrial standard bearers, hence brings forward the essence of fair value in financial accounting to all c ooperate organisations (Enria et al, 2004). The releasing of statement 133 by FASB is meant to account for derivative instruments and diverse hedging activities. It requires an entity which will recognise all existing derivatives as being either assets or liabilities in the financial statement, and measure the instruments at a considerable fair value. This shades light on the paramount importance of developing techniques that will be used to refine measuring of fair value in all financial instruments. The valuation of major financial assets or liabilities must be based on cost or prices, which reflects on market assessment in the present conditions and values on the future of the cash flow, which is covered in financial instruments (Rezaee, 2001). FASB has clearly stated its goals for a fair market valuation. The board noted that it is fully committed to work diligently so as to resolve in a timely way, the contradictory practical and conceptual issues which are related to meaningful determination of fair values and portfolios in financial instruments. Most critics argue that, accounting through historical cost is highly reliable, due to the fact that it is based on transactions that have been historically documented, hence rarely subjected to any debate. Moreover, most observers will determine the original cost by confirming the documented facts in original purchase transaction. Nevertheless, this is not applicable in the current market situation where fairness in value is the basis of cooperate and industrial development. For financial statements to be useful, they must have reliability and relevance. However, these qualities always conflict one another. These differences have come out more clearly in the middle of a meltdown in international financial stability, and also the increasing use of fair valuation accounting on balance sheet to effectively value liabilities and assets. Although recording assets at Historical Cost may be considered reliable, recording of such assets at their fair value will still not be an effective and reliable indicator of the asset’s true value several years age. It still can be highly reliable but have little resemblance to the present market value of the asset. This has made the International Accounting standards Board (IASB), the FASB, and SEC to question the suitability of historical cost accounting, and develop preference for fair market valuation which is based on GAAP. Several drawbacks have been attributed to the extensive use and implementation of fair valuation in the Cooperate and business world. The first drawback focuses on expected increased income volatility with the adoption of fair valuation (Barth, 2009). For a long time, there has been heated argument that volatility has the potential to provide accurate and relevant information, and should be fully respected in financial statements. However, relying exclusively on fair value, especially on assets which are not commonly traded in liquid secondary market, will run the risk in which the information being disclosed covers artificial volatility that is supported by fluctuation in the value of the financial market. The role of banks and other cooperate groups in the transformation of maturity and liquidity acts as a second limitation of fair valuation. Banks jointly provide loan and deposit services, which puts them in a central position to establish liquidity on demand and also support all the needs of the major components of the financial sector. It is however argued that attempting to bring fair valuation into loans, does not recognize the positive and permanent future of banking that comes in through its significant contribution to bridging the asymmetries in information between borrowers and the lenders. In terms of advantages, the major aspect of fair value accounting is the development of a wide and improved scope in corrective action and market discipline. This accounting system would essentially lead to greater insight into the profile of the bank in terms of risks (Shortridge, Schroeder, Wagoner, 2006). It will also move many items that are out of the balance sheet into the balance sheet. If uninsured depositors, debt holders and shareholders are able to identify deterioration in the bank’s safety and its soundness, they will benefit efficiently in the financial stability that the world always crave for. Looking at the opposite side with regards to the cost of the bank, it is important to analyse its role in the transformation of maturity and liquidity. In most cases, banks take advantage of the tools that have been provided by innovations in the financial sector and consequently, rely on instruments that are more sophisticated to be able to perform their function in liquidity transformation. This means that fair value accounting will result to increasing the marketability of current assets that are illiquid. From time immemorial, financial reporting has evolved with stewardship being the main objective in accounting. In this financial reporting contemporary era, stewardship and provision of information that is useful in making decisions is viewed as being the major objectives for reporting. Barth outlines IASB and FASB pronouncement in the context of advancing their converged conceptual financial reporting framework, in which the boards agree that stewardship and accountability should not be different or separate objectives during financial reporting in business firms. However, the framework has to acknowledge that information in terms of business finance should be useful for credit, investment and decision on resource allocation (Enria et al, 2004). It is essential to determine if firms that have more asymmetric timely earning, have financial accounting information that is useful in terms of value, and whether firms that have more non-equity stakeholders who are strongly influential, have financial accounting information that is more useful in terms of value. From this perspective non-equity stakeholders incur higher transaction costs during diversifying of unsystematic risks as compare to equity stakeholders (Barth, 2009). As risks related to stewardship are part of the unsystematic problems, the demand for accounting information related to stewardship increases with the influential power of non-equity stakeholders. Many critics have called for substantial reforms in fair value accounting to be suspended, due to the fact that, it is perceived to be the major contributory factor to the severe financial crisis evident in 2008. Political interference from the European Commission and the U.S congress resulted to standard setter in accounting to considerably relax the rules. However, if a clear analysis is carried out, we will come to the realisation that Fair values played a limited role in the statements of banks income and their regulatory capital ratio, with the exception of only a few banks that have large trading positions. This means claiming that fair value accounting supported the crisis is a notion that is largely unfounded. In conclusion, the debate that surrounds fair value accounting and historical accounting is not on the vague of ending soon. However, it is important to realise and acknowledge the significance of fair value in developing an efficient and accurate system, which will effectively represent financial information. This will also include information on economical transaction that comes in handy for boards of directors, investors and analysts.

Two methods of determining ABO and Rh groups Essay

Two methods of determining ABO and Rh groups - Essay Example The paper tells that because of Rh and ABO, it is important to be able to chemically identify the different blood types. In the ABO blood group system there are two types of marker that are present on the blood cells. These are type A and type B. If an individual has neither of these markers then they are considered to be type O. Individuals can be of blood type A, B, O or AB, as they inherit one type of marker from each parent. The human body does not produce antibodies for the markers that it contains, but does so for the ones that are not present. This is because the immune system sees the foreign marker as an invader and consequently defends itself against it. Thus, a person with type AB blood does not have antibodies against either A or B markers, and can consequently receive blood from any blood type. However, they also cannot give to any other blood type. In contrast, someone with type O blood can donate blood to any blood type as no antibodies will be raised, and but can rece ive blood only from other type O donors. Another factor that is present in the blood of humans is known as the Rh or rhesus system. This was first discovered through immunization of rabbits with blood that had been obtained from rhesus monkeys. It was found that the antibodies in the rabbit caused the blood to cogulate. Although the Rh system contains around 50 different antigens, five of which are considered to be the most important (D, C, c, E and e), and of these the D antigen is the most relevant. It is often thought to be the most polymorphic blood group system in humans. ... Secondly, the study used antibody screening on two plasma samples to determine the presence of antibodies. Materials and Methods Tube Grouping: Rh (D) and ABO antigens in unknown samples Four agglutinin reagents were to used in this experiment, Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-A,B and Anti-D Alpha. These reagents react directly with the antigens present in red blood by making the cells clump together. Thus, they could be used to determine the blood type of each of the four patients. Sixteen clean test tubes were taken and labelled with patient name (Patient 1, 2, 3 or 4) and one of the four reagents so that for each patient there was a total of four tubes, each labelled with the name of a different reagent. Two drops of the labelled reagent were added to each tube. For each of the four patients, the cell sample was inverted several times to ensure the cells were thoroughly mixed, and then one drop of cells was placed in each of four test tubes for that patient. The cells were incubated at room t emperature for 15 minutes and then examined for agglutination. Ortho ABD and Reverse Cassettes: Rh (D) and ABO antigens in unknown samples For this section of the experiment, the same four patient samples were used. The samples were inverted to mix them and then they were loaded into the cassettes. One cassette was used for each patient and these were labelled. Each cassette had four marked wells, A, B, D and control. In each well 10 Â µl of the respective patient sample was placed. The cassettes were then placed in the Ortho Centrifuge and spun for five minutes, and then the results read. Antibody Screening An Ortho Poly AHG cassette was provided. This had six wells that contained Poly Specific Anti – Human Globulin. Three antibody-screening cells

Music Appreciation (concert report) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Music Appreciation (concert report) - Essay Example 2, "Air" from Orchestra Suite No.3 in D Major, BWV 1068, Serenade for strings in C Major, Op. 48, Serenade No. 13 in G Major, KV 525, â€Å"Eine klein Nachtmusik†, and Concerto No. 4 in F minor, Op.8, RV 297, â€Å"L’inverno†. The composers of the pieces are Gustav Holst, J. S. Bach, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, W. A. Mozart, and Antonio Vivaldi respectively. W. A. Mozart composed this piece on 10th August 1787. He was a prominent writer who composed many songs in Italian but composed this one in his native German. This probably suggests that it must be a personal piece. This is one of the finest copies that he wrote as special- occasion music. He composed these works mainly for princely or wedding ceremonies for wealthy merchants. The piece has four movements, which includes Allegro, Romanza, Menuetto and Rondo. This piece is a string quartet as it is a chamber that consists of first and second violins, viola and cello. The string orchestra performs it. It consists of four movements, which makes the concert appealing to the audience. The various movements take different forms to express different themes hence developing a sense of variety. Repetition of exposition with the subjects that are in the same key is conventional. The texture of the piece is polyphonic since it is a combination of both monophonic and homophonic. The melody of the piece is satisfying since the notes keep on changing depending on the moods that the various movements express. The composer develops the piece by beginning with a D major, touching on C main and returns to G crucial for recapitulation. A crucial key dominates the four movements of the piece which modulate from one key to another. The piece does not have a beat that one can tap the foot to it. The reason is that different movements have different beats. A triple beat, however, dominates the piece. It is not much rhythmic in comparison with the other pieces due to the changes that take place for every movement. The dynamics

Middle-Range Theory Application Assignment Research Paper

Middle-Range Theory Application Assignment - Research Paper Example This paper focuses on the Tidal Model of Mental Health Recovery (Barker, 2001) which is considered as the first model for recovery developed by nurses and practitioners (Brookes, 2006). Over the past decades, psychiatry was mainly focused on the things that were done to the patients, and not with them. Mental illness was contained in order to significantly reduce the disturbances; however, by the end of the 20th century, the belief that professionals can sort out psychiatric problems was dramatically declining (Davidson & Strauss, 1992). With this, the concept of recovery as well as it focus on values had been highlighted, which has driven Barker (2001) to come up with the Tidal Model of Mental Health Recovery.   The philosophy behind this approach was initially driven by research about what individuals need for mental health care. The theorist was encouraged to establish a theory focusing on values as a component of recovery-focused practice, due to the fact that traditional scientific approaches have not been able to address all mental health issues, especially recovery. Generally, the Tidal approach places emphasis on how professionals and practitioners can mo dify care to work with each individual’s needs as well as his story and experiences so the person can be capable of paving the way for recovery (Buchanan-Barker & Barker, 2008). The person plays the main role in the recovery process, though a practitioner can help release the potential for recovery of the individual. The Tidal model is the first model of mental health recovery based on research that has also been developed by nurses as well as the support of individuals who have used or have been using psychiatric services (Brookes, 2006). Numerous approaches on recovery often put emphasis on self-management with which people are helped so they can manage their symptoms and develop plans in order to achieve

Risk Assessment Approaches To Constructing Road

Risk Assessment Approaches To Constructing Road As an employer you have a business objective as well as a moral and legal obligation to provide and maintain a safe and healthy workplace that is, as far as reasonably practicable, free from risk and hazards. In doing so employers conducts risk assessment, this is intended to determine the potential harm to workers and other persons in the workplace, and implement control measures to eliminate these risks or to reduce them to a tolerable level. The most important element in the risk management cycle is risk assessment usually comprises of a combination of risk identification and risk evaluation techniques which make it also the most complex element of the risk management cycle. Evolving out of this were two parts in conducting risk assessment they being quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative Assessment was the more complex of the two as it depending on the collection and analysis of a great deal of data use to calculate probability and potential loss. This dependence of accuracy of data also acts as an Achilles heel for the process because of the share difficulty associated with data collection. However qualitative risk assessment is regarded as the lesser of two evils and is the most commonly used approach to risk analysis. This is due to the fact that probability data is not required thus making the process more attractive to safety practitioners and industries that are new to safety. Because there is no need for great amounts of historical data, companies that are newly expose to safety use this method simply because there is no data to collect. This paper discusses the different techniques to risk assessment, then describing the reasonable approach which can include both qualitative and quantitative approaches within a civil construction company. Company Overview Tee Pavers Limited is a local independent civil construction company locating at the southern part of Trinidad which has been in operation for the past 25 years. They have a workforce of over 120 skilled workers and a fleet of excavating, landscaping and asphalt paving machinery numbering in the hundreds. The company entertains government contracts for road construction and rehabilitation, they currently have a fully operating asphalt plant where they supply asphalt to several private and public companies throughout the country. Despite the number of years in operation the company was only recently introduced to Health and Safety as part of the compliance requirement of the OSH Act 2004 (Amended 2006). Figure 1 outline the detail process of road construction. Is simple and straightforward. Just what is needed in a safety- new company such as Tee Pavers Limited Can be complex and require suitable explanations. This process would not be well received at Tee Pavers Limited a company that is now being exposed to safety practices. The Calculation of frequency of risk to worker is largely judgmental and does not require extensive data. This proves to be effective due to the fact that techniques such as JSA and PHA focus on job task in identifying hazards and workers can participate. Calculation of frequency of risk to workers requires extensive, appropriate data that may not be relatively available. Thus as in the case with Tee Pavers where prior projects was done by gut feelings see that safety was never a concern. It provides estimation of risk levels to workers to particular fault and hazards. This is a simple process that could be understood by all workers. Provides numerical assessment of the level of risk. It is best carried out by an experienced team of people throughout the assessment which may include operators, supervisor and long standing workers. A team approach is best needed for the hazard identification stage. Techniques like FEMA and FTA usually need to be done by just a specialist to ensure consistency of logic. Processes and results are deriving objectively, easily supported. Process results are subjective and may not be repeatable. It requires structure logic to identify controls, protection and mitigation measures to support decision made by analyst. This was evident that Tee Paver workers were resistant to change. Logic is implied with quantitative, but requires explanation to support safety case arguments. Does not readily lend itself to assessment of combinations of failures leading to a hazard on the road. Assessment of combinations of failure is implied in techniques like FTA and ETA. Risk analysis of all hazards and consequences not readily achievable since it is largely judgmental. Risk analysis of hazards and consequences easily achievable. Appropriate at early stages before the start of new project when identifying major hazards and risk. The use of the PHA is ideal for Tees Paver road construction process. Mainly appropriate at the later stages of the project when details of design and intended operation are known and data is available to support the assessment. Evaluation of Risk Analysis of the Road Construction Process Taking into consideration the five steps risk assessment process (Health and Safety Executives) will determine the type of risk assessment techniques needed qualitative or quantitative. Table 2 shows all the various risk assessment that can be consider in the road construction process. However due the nature of the organization and past safety culture I believe that qualitative assessment Job Safety Analysis (JSA) and Preliminary hazard analysis (PHA) would be a more effective with comparison to the quantitative approaches like FEMA and ETA which is too intense in terms of complexity, dependence on historical data and time consuming which does not sit well with this type of business that strives on spontaneous contracts. Simplicity best describes Tees Pavers road construction process; therefore the qualitative approach is ideal in identifying basic hazard and risk. During the early stages of operation and the details of the project is identified PHA can be used. This process encourages participation and so the Project manager, Engineer, Supervisors and the Health Safety Environmental personnel all work together to identify the major hazards, and rank them according to severity with the aim of implementing preventative measures. The potential hazards identified during the phase 2 processes (Asphalt Paving). When laying the asphalt base the main hazardous events would be unprotected physical contact with the hot asphalt. The probability of a person getting burn from the hot asphalt is medium to high and the severity of injuries will also be medium to high. Therefore putting preventative measures in place would be easier, for instance; having workers wear insulated PPE thus reducing the risk factor. This type of assessment is effective because it deals with the hazards and risks before the commencement of the projects and the fact that a wide array of employees are included means that effective preventive measures can be put in place. Some might argue that some of the hazard and risk may be overlooked since it is done before the project starts but in Tee Pavers case this process never changes, the worker are experience and thus the accident or incident rate is close minimum. Feasibility Safety is inevitable. The Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2004 (amended 2006) states that every employer must conduct a suitable and sufficient risk assessment. In complying with the OSH Act the safety official can achieve a two prong approach by introducing task based assessment (a form of qualitative assessment). This allows every worker irrespective of educational background to participate thus fostering awareness. Appendix 1 shows a simple effective JSA for asphalt laying road works which has deemed suitable and sufficient meeting all the requirements stated in TTS 620: 2008. Appropriateness When you look at the culture of the workforce that predominates Tee Pavers you get the sense of being expose to the 1980s ones again. Workers with the average age of 46, limited educational qualification (some even partial illiterates), most of them originate from areas within 10 square miles of each other and the general sense of simply coming to work to do an honest day job without concern for safety ills driven by the competitive nature of individually pleasing the boss. Taking that into consideration one can only select the qualitative approach considering conducting risk assessments. Initially introducing safety measures must be done in simple steps even thought safety is becoming mandatory the intension is to encourage the worker to buy into it not to view it as a hindrance or a threat. Conclusion Tee Pavers is undoubtedly a prime example of a company that would greatly benefit from qualitative assessment. Some of these benefits include complying with legislation fulfilling the requirements of every employer providing a workplace that is free from risk. I my view conducting qualitative risk assessments over a period of time prepares a company for the more detailed, accurate and more complex quantitative approach. The workers who were once naive with regards to safety and health would now be coached into maturity. This would prove to be a welcomed combination when companies would be venturing toward greater horizons. However the stark reality is its all about money. With legislation playing a bigger part in the world of safety company now know that in order to be viewed as an attractive commodity they must show some level of compliance to these safety laws thus a concerted interest in the employment and establishment of safety department within these companies. These departments are mandated to establish safety guideline and assessments for projects (existing and proposed). The companies know that they will be audited and that successful audit would indicate compliance thus making them more marketable for new contracts. As distasteful as it sounds it is a reality that we face every day with existing and emerging companies competing for government contracts.

The Shifting of Pangea :: essays research papers

The Shifting of Pangea Have you ever noticed that a map of the world looks like a puzzle and the continents look like the pieces that would fit together to complete the puzzle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1912, Alfred Wegener, a German scientist and an adventurer, came up with a theory that the continents had once been part of a â€Å"supercontinent†. Wegener proposed that, over 200 million years, what he called Pangea had separated and became individual pieces. Pangea means â€Å"all lands† in Greek, and that is what Pangea was, a very large landmass when all of the continents were connected. When Wegener first proposed this idea in 1912, people did not buy into this theory. One of the problems that Wegener faced was that he believed that the continents had drifted apart, but he couldn’t explain how they had drifted apart. Another problem was that there was a theory already in place called the â€Å"Contraction Theory†. This theory stated that the Earth was once a molten ball and in the process of cooling, the surface cracked and folded up on itself. One of the problems with this theory was that it suggests that all mountain ranges w ere the same age, and this could not be true. Wegner’s explanation was that continents shifted and these shifting plates would collide, encounter resistance from one another, compress, then fold upwards to form mountains near the edges of the plates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eons ago India and an ancient ocean called the Tethys Ocean sat on a tectonic plate. This place was shifting northward towards Asia at a rate of 10 centimeters per year. The ocean got progressively smaller unit about 55 million years ago when it collided with Asia. There was no more ocean left of lubricate the subduction and so the plates formed the High Plateau of Tibet and the Himalayan Mountains.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Evidence that Pangea may have existed can be found in land animals, vegetation, mountains, and the climate. Fossils and plants that are the same, can be found on different continents, across oceans. Assuming that the land was once connected, animals could have walked across the large land mass and not have to swim. For example, the mesosauras (a land animal) could not have traveled from South America to Africa because of the Atlantic Ocean. Yet, there are fossils of this animal on both continents. Another example is there are trees in South America, Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica that are of the same origin.

Research Paper on Tax Incentives in Singapore

1. INTRODUCTION 1. Tax Incentives for Investments in Singapore Tax incentives have been an integral part of Singapore's economic development strategy since the 1960s. For more than 30 years, tax incentives have been used to attract investments and create jobs. Now we are the focal point for foreign investments, research and development and services in Asia. Over the years the government has introduced a wide range of tax incentives for a balanced economic growth of the various business sectors. This paper analyses how these incentives play a part in attracting foreign capital inflows to enhance the financial and industrial sectors in Singapore and their effectiveness in achieving our goals. 2. Purpose The purpose of this research is to gain an understanding of the tax incentives scene in Singapore, how it works and it effectiveness in achieving our aim of being a vibrant and robust global hub of knowledge-driven economy. 3. Our Research Questions for this Study As part of our research, the following questions were asked to direct us on our study: †¢ What are the tax incentives available under the ITA, EEIA and DTA to attract foreign capital inflows? †¢ How effective are these tax incentives? 4. Methodology We derived our information from books, online journals and other internet resources. 2. BACKGROUND 1. The Birth of the Income Tax Act, EEIA and DTA From a small fishing island to a cosmopolitan country within a span of 44 years is what Singapore has become today, with per capita GDP equal to that of the leading nations of Western Europe (Central Intelligence Agency, 2008)[1]. As a small island with limited, or rather, no resources to depend on, we have simply taken the world by surprise through the phenomenal economic growth that has taken place in a short period of time (Fordham, 1992)[2]. Our only resources are fish and deepwater sea and despite all the limitations that we were faced with, we have secured a place in the world map as the leading financial, educational, services, manufacturing and research and development hub. Then, â€Å"what is the clandestine of our achievements? † is the question that arises in all our minds. After being separated from Malaya, the government’s ambitious plans for the country to be industrially developed seemed too far-fetched especially with no natural resources to call its own (Fordham, 1992). It did not, however, relent to the fact that achieving its goals is uncertain now with its given economic state. Its leaders knew at that time Singapore needs to promote investment in new industries so that its goals can be achieved. Being under developed and with no achievements or resources to call its own, it was a palpable fact that Singapore had to make radical changes to attract foreign investors,. This is when tax incentives were spotted as a viable option to magnetize foreign capital inflows. The pre-existing Income Tax Act (1948) was evaluated to see how tax incentives could be integrated to accomplish these aspirations. Along with this, in 1967, the Economic Expansion Incentives Act (EEIA) was first introduced to solidify the expansion and development programs that were being carried out by the Economic Development Board (Fordham, 1992). In early 1960s, Singapore recognised the need for a dynamic manufacturing sector and export policies to draw MNCs so that we could be used as a production base to export goods worldwide. As a result of these aims, EEIA was introduced to grant tax benefits to manufacturing companies setting up production in pioneer areas in Singapore (Fordham, 1992). The development of international trade and multi national corporations has increased the issue of double taxation. As a company or individual looking beyond your own country for business opportunities and investments they would naturally be concerned with the problem of double taxation. Consequently they would seek to structure your operations at a minimum tax cost. This is where DTAs or tax treaties come into play 2. Incentives Available under ITA to Attract Foreign Capital Inflows Singapore has always been maintaining a competitive tax rate by being the lowest among the developed countries. Its purpose is to create an encouraging business environment for economic expansion (Tan, 1996). According to GuideMeSingapore, 2008, a web portal providing one-stop information on Singapore’s business environment to entrepreneurs, commented that â€Å"Singapore is often cited as the leading example of countries that continues to reduce corporate income tax rates and introduce various tax incentives to attract and keep global investments†. This is obvious in the frequent lowering of corporate tax rates since 1987. In 1989 the corporate income tax was reduced to 33 percent from 40 percent to follow the worldwide trend of lowering corporate taxes. The corporate tax rate was further lowered in 1990 to 31 percent to encourage multi-national companies (MNCs) to locate their treasury and financial operations here (Tan, 1996). From then on, corporate tax rate has been gradually decreasing. In 2004 corporate tax rate was reduced to 20 percent and with the release of the 2009 budget speech, corporate taxes will be cut to 17 percent in 2010. The aim of these reductions is to help businesses to curb operational costs so that Singapore can gain a competitive edge in continuing to attract high-tech and high value-added investments (Liu, 2007). From our research we found that there are several tax incentives in place to pull foreign investments to Singapore (IRAS, 2008) and we will be focusing on those that are relevant to our study. 1. DEDUCTION FOR EXPENSES ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (R) This incentive was introduced in 2003 to allow company to deduct a second round of qualifying expenses from its income in addition to the automatic first deduction allowed under section 14D. Further amendments[3] were made in 2008 to entitle companies for an automatic 50 percent tax allowance (PWC, 2008). This R allowance can be used to offset against the company’s chargeable income for the next 3 years (i. e. 2009 to 2013) to motivate companies to carry out more R projects. This is coupled with meeting our aim to be a research and development hub in the global arena (MOF, 2008). After the introduction of the tax incentive, total R expenditure increased from $3. 4 billion to $4. 6 billion in 2005 (Lai, 2007)[4]. Majority of the R spending was contributed by the private sector, whose gross expenditure on R (GERD) increased by 1. 2 percent. By the end of 2005, GERD was at 2. 4 percent of GDP. Singapore had surpassed the EU-15’s[5] and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) averages of 1. percent and 2. 3 percent respectively (Lai, 2007). The increase in figures shows the effectiveness of the tax incentive program. According to the report, this figure is still lower compared to U. S (2. 7 percent) and Japan (3. 0 percent). Considering the fact that these countries are bigger in land and population size, our achievement is still commendable. 2. CONCESSIONARY RATE OF TAX FOR APPROVED HEADQUARTERS PROGRAM The purpose Headquarters Program was to encourage multinationals to base their main back offices in Singapore. This was to be achieved through reduced tax rate which is applied primarily to large-scale multinational corporations that relocate the management and headquarters functions of their subsidiaries and affiliates from other countries to Singapore. Section 43E of Income Tax Act provides that companies with their substantial operations located here can qualify for a 10 percent concessionary rate of tax (IRAS, 2008). This tax incentive has pulled and is continuing to pull foreign venture capitalists who provide the foreign capital infows. One such company is Societe Generale who received the OHQ award in January 2000. Besides this, Legg Mason Asset Management, Deutsche Asset Management, Merrill Lynch Mercury Asset Management and Zurich Scudder Investments are a few that were named in the MAS publication on New Initiatives for Enhancing Financial Sector Expertise, 2001. The motive for large-scale multinationals to relocate in Singapore is not only because of our highly advanced infrastructure, telecommunication and information facilities. It is also due to the support and encouragement that our government has been continuously offering through such tax incentives. 3. CONCESSIONARY RATE OF TAX FOR FINANCE AND TREASURY CENTRE (FTC) Foreign and Treasury Centre was introduced with the aim to entice foreign corporations to use Singapore as a base for conducting treasury management activities for related companies in the region. Under this scheme, foreign companies can enjoy a 10 percent concessionary tax rate from fee income from FTC subsidiaries, related companies and associates for provision of FTC services. According to Mr. Lee Chuan Teck, Executive Director for Financial Markets Strategy in MAS, by 2006 a total of 600 companies had chosen Singapore as their focal point to operate their financial services (MAS, 2006). According to the Survey on Corporate Risk Management Practices, 75 percent of the foreign MNCs cited EDB’s incentives as a reason for relocating their treasury centres in Singapore (Craig, 1997). This tells us the success of this incentive. 4. CONCESSIONARY RATE OF TAX FOR FINANCIAL SECTOR INCENTIVES (FSI) The FSI scheme offers a concessionary tax rate of 5% for qualifying high growth and high value-added activities and 10% for mature but tax-sensitive activities. The FSI is a measure designed to invite the front and back offices of multinational financial groups to Singapore so as to meet our overall goal to be a leading centre for competence in knowledge-driven activities and a choice location for company headquarters with responsibilities for product and capability charters (Geeta, 2002). Singapore’s vision is to be a pre-eminent financial centre in Asia. Technopreneurship 21 is the initiative that the government launched to achieve this goal. FSI plays a key role in attracting foreign multinationals to start-up their financial services in Singapore so that its dream of becoming a financial hub in the international arena can materialize. How far have been successful in this attempt is the question that we should be asking. As at 2005, 24 foreign full service licensees, 35 wholesale licensees and 46 offshore licensees operated in Singapore. Statistics provided by EDB (Embassy, 2006) for 2005 shows that foreign financial institution J. P Morgan Securities Asia, U. S. based MNC, had assets totalling up to US$14. 5 billion in Singapore. Singapore Department of Statistics reported that the financial and insurance services sector had generated US$49,223 of Foreign Direct Investments in 2003. That is 34 percent of the total FDI for that year (Embassy, 2006). 5. APPROVED GLOBAL TRADING COMPANY Global Trading Company was launched to facilitate and develop international trading activities. The GTP is a merger of the Approved Oil Trader (AOT) and the Approved International Trader (AIT) programmes. The programme encourages global trading companies to use Singapore as their regional or global base to conduct activities along the total trade value-add chain from procurement to distribution, in order to expand into the region and beyond (IEsingapore, 2009). Over the years, the programme has attracted a vibrant cluster of global trading companies to hub their strategic business functions in Singapore. These companies are key players in their respective industries such as oil trading, petrochemicals, agri-commodities and metals (IEsingapore, 2009). Minister for Trade and Industry, Mr Lim Hng Kiang announced in his speech during the Global Trader Networking Cocktail 2008 that in 2007, offshore trade by companies under IE Singapore’s Global Trader Programme, GTP, grew more than 30% to reach over US$465 billion. These companies employed over 7,000 staff and contributed S$7. 8 billion worth of total business spending. Much of the spending was in shipping, freight management and storage services, lending further testimony to Singapore’s strengths as a logistics and auxiliary services hub. From a modest start of 25 companies in 1989, there are currently more than 230 companies under the GTP (MTI, 2008) . 3. Incentives Available under EEIA Tax incentives available under EEIA are discussed below (IRAS, 2008). 1. PIONEER INDUSTRIES INCENTIVES The first aim of Pioneer Industries was to attract capital from both local and foreign companies who invest in new industries in Singapore. This incentive was introduced to draw investment in innovative areas to enhance Singapore’s industrial development (Fordham, 1992). Companies which qualified for PI were given a full tax exemption on qualifying profits for a period of time ranging from 5 years to 15 years. Implementation of this incentive saw a surge in the number of manufacturing industries that were set up here. By 1997, petroleum industries and electronics industries were dominating the Pioneer Manufacturing Establishments. MNCs like Exxon, Shell Sumitomo, Seagate, Hewlett-Packard and Compaq were already located here then contributing a total of S$117,104 million of foreign equity investment in Singapore (H H, 1997). As at 2004, the qualifying activities include services such as medical, publishing, education, automated warehousing facilities, exhibition and conference, financial, venture capital fund activity and so on (H H, 1997). 2. DEVELOPMENT AND EXPANSION INCENTIVE (DEI) This incentive is granted mainly to manufacturing and service industries that are engaged in capital investment to upgrade or modernize production capacity. The purpose of this incentive is to encourage greater growth and attract more companies to move into higher value-added activities. Under this scheme, eligible companies are entitled to preferential corporate tax rates for qualifying profits above a pre-determined base for a specific period (SPRING Singapore, 2008). According to the statistics collated by Ministry for Trade and Industry, the total investment by foreign companies in Singapore in development projects increased from$6,608 in 1997 to $17,187 in 2007. 3. OVERSEAS ENTERPRISE INCENTIVE (OEI) OEI was put in place to encourage local businesses to invest in a venture company, technology investment company or overseas investment company. OEI provides tax exemption on the qualifying income. Overseas investment should result in new business opportunities, activities as well as new technology to be introduced in Singapore. For instance DBS Bank, Bakerzin and Charles and Keith are a few prominent local bred companies which have ventured overseas. DBS Bank, Singapore’s local bank, has ventured into countries like Thailand, Hong Kong, India, Japan, U. S and many more (IESingapore, 2008). Bakerzin has franchises in KL, Jakarta, Shanghai and US while Charles and Keith had ventured into the Middle East and Asia Pacific markets (IESingapore, 2008). . Effect of DTA in attracting foreign capital inflows According to the Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore, we have 59 Double Taxation Agreements with various countries. These treaties were signed to relieve taxpayers from the burden of double taxation when they repatriate their earnings to their home country. These treaties aim to offer relief from double taxation, either by way of tax credit, tax exemption or a reduced tax rate. These reduced rates and exemptions vary among countries and specific items of income. Treaty provisions generally are reciprocal (apply to both treaty countries). Only Singapore tax residents and tax residents of the treaty country can enjoy the benefits of a DTA. Signing of these treaties has resulted in increased foreign investments from countries such as Europe, U. S. and Japan. In 1996 the total foreign investments was $125,274. The major investors then were Japan, Europe and U. S. In 2006 the investments rose to $363,935 and the major players are Japan, Europe, U. S, European Union and South and Central America and the Caribbean. 3. CONCLUSION Policies have been the driving force for a small nation like Singapore to achieve so much within a short period of time. With no natural resources, foreign capital inflows in the form of foreign direct investments has played major part in shaping our nation to what it is today. With less to offer, tax incentives are one of the key reasons that had attracted many foreign companies creating a pool of foreign capital inflows. Our research on the various tax incentives has showed us that, indeed, they were effective enough to attract foreign companies to locate here with their technology and know-how. The early years efforts to industrialize our economy paid off and that had enabled us to improve our air and seaport facilities, telecommunication, information technology, warehousing and logistics facilities. Tax incentives have been working in the background and today these are some of our achievements (www. sedb. govs. sg): Now as we move towards being knowledge based economy with technopreneurial goals, our tax incentives have been further enhanced through the R deductions and allowing more activities to be qualified under the Pioneer Industries. Thus in our opinion, the tax incentives offered under ITA, EEIA and DTA have been effective in attracting foreign capital inflows which have shaped our country thus far. BIBILIOGRAPHY Agency, C. I. (2008). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved March 28, 2009, from CIA: www. cia. gov Craig, F. (1997). Survey of Coporate Risk Management Practices 1997. Retrieved April 3, 2009, from Singapore Foreign Exchange Market Committee: http://www. sfemc. org/annual_report/Tansformation_AR_1997_-b. pdf D. J. (1996, December). Learning from Singapore: Road to Non-agonised Budgeting. Asian Journal of Public Administration . E. o. (2006, January). Singapore Investment Climate Report. Retrieved April 3, 2009, from http://singapore. usembassy. gov: http://singapore. usembassy. gov/uploads/images/HiMDAFJ23iuXGl0Th5mNsA/InvestClimate2006. pdf Fordham, M. (1992). Tax Incentives for Investment & Expansion (2 ed. ). Longman Singapore Publishers (Pte) Ltd. G. H. (2002). Singapore as an Investing Ground: A Review. Retrieved April 2009, from www. excelsol. com. sg: http://www. xcelsol. com/env/envsg. pdf GuideMeSingapore. (2008, April 14). Singapore Corporate Income Tax Guide. (GuideMeSingapore, Editor, & Janus Corporate Solutions 2006) Retrieved March 28, 2009, from GuideMeSingapore: http://www. guidemesingapore. com/corporate-taxation/c321-corporate-taxation-system-overview. htm H H, A. T. (1997, August 27). Official Efforts to Attract FDI: Case of Singapore's EDB. Retrieved April 4, 2009, from National University o f Singapore: http://www. fas. nus. edu. sg/ecs/pub/wp/previous/AHTAN2. pdf IEsingapore. (2009). Global Trader Program. Retrieved April 2, 2009, from IE Singapore: http://www. iesingapore. gov. sg/wps/portal/AssistanceProgrammes/FinancialIncentives/GTP IRAS. (2008, February 14). Applying for Tax Incentives. Retrieved April 2, 2009, from Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore: http://www. iras. gov. sg/irasHome/page04. aspx? id=1746 L. D. (2007, March). Growth of Research and Development in Singapore: 2000 – 2005. Retrieved April 2, 2009, from Singapore Statistics Department: http://www. singstat. gov. sg/pubn/papers/economy/ssnmar07-pg1-7. df L. Y. (2007). Nanyang Technological University. Retrieved April 2, 2009, from ScienceDirect. com: http://www3. ntu. edu. sg/home/ayuliu/2007%20JPM%20LYH%20-%20Facing%20the%20challenge. pdf MAS. (2006). SPEECH ON REGIONAL TREASURY CENTRES IN SINGAPORE BY. Retrieved April 3, 2009, from Monetary Authority of Singapore: http://www. mas. gov. sg/news_room/statements/2006/Speech_on_Regional_Treasury_Centres_in_Singapore. html MOF. (2008). L iberalization of R&D Tax Deduction. Retrieved March 28, 2009, from Ministry of Finance: http://www. gpolitics. net/budget2008/annexb-2. pdf MTI. (2008, May 25). Global Trader Networking Cocktail 2008 Speech By Minister Lim Hng Kiang. Retrieved April 3, 2009, from Ministry for Trade and Industry: http://app. mti. gov. sg/default. asp? id=148&articleID=13861 PWC. (2008, November). IRAS issues a circular on research and development (R&D) tax measures . Retrieved April 2, 2009, from PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited: http://www. pwc. com/extweb/manissue. nsf/docid/6D2E3517BF8BE91DCA25753C00373526 T. T. (1996). Corporate Income Tax in Singapore: Issues and Future Directions. In M. G. Asher, & a. Tyabji (Eds. ), Fiscal System of Singapore (p. 196). Pagesetters Services Pte Ltd. ———————– [1] CIA – The World factbook – https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sn. html. [2] Fordham, Margaret BA Durham â€Å"Tax Incentives for Investment and Expansion 2/E 1992 [3] Based on the IRAS circular, definition of R&D was amended to incorporate the requirements that the R&D study must be systematic, investigative and experimental. R&D project must involve novelty or technical risk and be undertaken with the object of acquiring new knowledge or using the results of the study for the production or improvement of materials, devices, products, produce or processes. The list of specifically excluded activities in the definition of R&D has also been expanded so that routine modifications, cosmetic modifications or stylistic changes, as well as the development of software that is not intended for sale, lease or license to third parties are excluded. However, an exception is introduced for research in the social sciences and humanities and for software development that is undertaken wholly or mainly to support a qualifying R&D project. In these cases, the expenditure can be included as part of the qualifying R&D project expenditure. More information is available at http://www. pwc. com/extweb/manissue. nsf/docid/6D2E3517BF8BE91DCA25753C00373526 [4] The National R&D Survey is attached as Annex 2 [5] The European Union-15 comprises Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom.

Gatsbys Revelation essays

Gatsbys Revelation essays When F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote the novel The Great Gatsby, he used a unique writing technique. It used a first-person point of view in the form of a narrator, Nick Carraway, who was also involved in the story. This style allowed the author to withhold any information that he did not present to the narrator in the story, causing the reader to learn things the same way the narrator did. The protagonist in The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby, was revealed to the narrator, Nick, gradually throughout the course of the novel. On the surface, Jay Gatsby appeared to be extremely wealthy and generally happy with his place in life, and this is how he appears to Nick at the beginning of the novel. Gatsby threw big parties and people were not invited; they just showed up, as explained by Nick on page 45: "I was one of the few guests who had actually been invited. People were not invited-they went there"(45). As Nick began to know Gatsby better, he began to realize there was something wrong with Gatsby. Gatsby was obviously unhappy, but the reader was not told why. When Nick goes to New York with Gatsby and meets Meyer Wolfshiem, the reader is given some suspicion that Jay is involved in illegal dealings, because of the hints that Meyer Wolfshiem drops and the things Jay tells Nick about Meyer. The reader is finally told why Gatsby is unhappy at the end of chapter four, when Jordan Baker tells Nick about Gatsby's love for Daisy. The next major revelation about Gatsby does not happen to Nick until much later, but the author decided to place it earlier in the novel so the reader could understand what was going on more easily. Jay Gatsby tells Nick about where he came from, how he got there, and why he got there. Nick realizes that Gatsby is so in love with Daisy that he is crazy and will do anything to get her. It has consumed his life so much that he spent five years leading an illegal life just because of her. Th ...

What Caused the French Revolut essays

What Caused the French Revolut essays France had a large population and prosperous trade during the 1700's. It was considered to be the most advanced country of Europe. However, when high taxes and disturbing questions about the Enlightenment were sprung upon the French citizens, mainly the Third Estate of the Old Regime, the people needed a change. King Louis XVI left these problems of France unresolved and contributed to new dilemmas. Thus the French Revolution was started by such causes as the thoughts of Voltaire and Rousseau in the Enlightenment, weak leadership by King Louis XVI in his incapability to solve France's financial problems, and the sudden power felt by the French radicals. The once powerful economy of the French was ruined as taxes corrupted their trade and production industries. As the population rose, the price of living did as well. While the French people reached a stage of starvation, King Louis XVI reached a large debt. As Louis' weak leadership qualities increased their debt, which doubled after the financial costs of helping the Americans in their war against the British, he and his wife spent more on extravagant indulgences. The crisis was put off until France faced bankruptcy when a meeting of the Estates-General was called approving for a tax reform. However, this tax reform lead to a reform dictated by the people of France. The Old Regime remained in place in France in the 1770's excluding the third estate from any form of equality. As this group, making up 98 percent of the population, was educated about the Enlightenment ideas of equality, liberty, and democracy their resentment began to build. Great philosophers such as Voltaire and Rousseau used the success of the American Revolution to wet the appetites of the Third Estate for freedom. The merchants, farmers, and peasants of France needed a guide or spokesperson, which they found in Abbe Sieyes, a sympathetic clergyman for the radica ...

Article Review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Article Review - Research Paper Example The research question of this study is: What do current advances in genetic research say about the genetic causes of intellectual disability and autism, and what are some of the effective tools of diagnosing intellectual disability and autism? This paper reviews this article through describing its research design and findings, as well as identifying flaws and relevance of the study in society and understanding human development. This study did not explain its research design, and it does not specifically ascertain whether it is a systematic review or meta-analysis. After reading the article, it is inferred that it is a basic review of existing studies on the genome of autism and intellectual disabilities. The sampling of articles came from respected journals. It is possible that Feero et al. (2012) conducted the study using peer-reviewed journal databases and it reached its findings using relevant themes and recurring outcomes. The research findings of this article explained the pote ntial genetic causes of intellectual disability. The article explained copy-number changes, deletions, and duplications. A copy-number change refers to the deletion or duplication of an elongation of DNA as compared with the reference human genome. Feero et al. (2012) used research that stressed that some patients with syndromic kinds of intellectual disability showed deletions in the same chromosomal region, where normal cohorts would have a different number or set of chromosomes. These researchers stressed the identification of specific copy-number changes in affected patients, when compared with control subjects, where they showed that novel microdeletion and microduplication syndromes were connected with intellectual disability and autism. For three studies that this article used, they determined that heterozygous deletions of 17q21.31 were connected with moderate-to-severe intellectual disability, hypotonia, facial dysmorphic features, occasional cardiac and renal abnormalities , and seizures. These deletions were not present in healthy control subjects. This article also noted that deletions of 16p11.2 were present in around 1% of those with autism spectrum disorders, but these deletions were also related with intellectual disability with no autistic features. Feero et al. (2012) recommended physicians to conduct chromosome microarray analysis and not the usual standard karyotype analysis, when conducting early diagnostic workup of children with developmental delays and intellectual disability. Feero et al. (2012) also showed that there is a significant overlap among the copy-number changes that have been determined for intellectual disorders. Studies showed microdeletions of 15q13.3 that are related to intellectual disability, autism, and schizophrenia. Moreover, microdeletions of 1q21 are connected with autism, schizophrenia, and epilepsy and, most frequently, with intellectual disability. This article also noted studies that analyzed genes on the X chr omosome, partially because X-linked forms of intellectual disability can be passed on through unaffected females in families, permitting pedigree analysis. Moreover, mutations in PTEN are linked with autism and macrocephaly in some patients and mutations in SHANK3 have also been determined. Feero et al. (2012) highlighted the importance of sequencing of the protein-coding parts

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Theme - Essay Example The theme applicable to her story is the importance of developing a strong sense of one's own identity and personal strength, despite challenges and difficulties in life. The essay aims to proffer justifications for the theme of developing a strong sense of identity to enable Ying-ying to regain the life she had, not only for her personal benefit, but more so for her daughter, Lena. Ying-ying’s story through the Moon Lady presented her vivid remembrance of the particularly special day when she was merely four years old and her nursemaid prepared her for the Moon Festival. The depiction of her character was so accurate in portraying a strong sense of fiery identity, always curious, on top of things and wanting to get her way. Despite being told to stay put or to observe traditional norms, Ying-ying defied everything as she narrated running after dragonflies, climbing to the rickshaw with her mother (instead of her amah), running through the length of their boat, watching a bird catch fishes, and falling into the water to be lost during the height of the Moon Festival. With all the commotions, the experience of being lost coincided with the metamorphic loss of her personal identity and strength as the fear that enveloped her during the experience transformed her life to silence and as she failed to relay her wish to the Moon Lady: to be found.

Articlo p865 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Articlo p865 - Article Example hat a patient could be in any cleanliness operatory in any city the nation over and be diagnosed with periodontal sickness and treated in a steady way. We have different components ready for this perspective is executed from. The principal issue includes the way in which hygienists were prepared. Undoubtedly, hygienists get a magnificent instruction in the universities and colleges the nation over. The second element included is the calendar driven nature of the dental calling which demonstrates that greatness, tenderness, time administration, kind disposition and friendly is the center esteem the extent that the calling is of concern. The third component includes the elements of progress and initiative that makes dental specialists concentrate on fabulous remedial and restorative dentistry. From my perceptions the extent that disposing of the cleaning woman disgrace is of concern, specialists assumes a basic part in the genuine conclusion of the infection. The hygienist`s part is to assemble precise information, educate the specialist and patient of the discoveries, finish the case presentation, and perform the genuine help. Morally, the consideration of dental specialist executes the quintessence of harmony and smooth subsequent to without the contribution of all allies, this methodology will come up short. Likewise, we must teach the staff on the momentum research and new methodologies to perio cleanliness, and in addition encourage the progressions important to give fabulous here of the dental practice. A sorted out, orderly approach to ahead of schedule periodontal malady is our territory of mastery. Promoting the dental cleanliness calling is a twofold recommendation: It obliges an advertising battle to clarify who we are, our main thing, and what accreditation we have for doing these things and afterward hoisting the calling through a positive authoritative "advancement." Our advertising fight is the first step. Dental hygienists are frequently seen in

The Progression Of Language Development Essay Example for Free

The Progression Of Language Development Essay Infants begin life with no other language than their cries and grunts. As their language mechanism matures, they make more and more sounds. Even before they can use these sounds as language, they begin to comprehend the meanings of words that they hear. They also can communicate their wants and needs with gestures and cries (Papalia et al. , 2002, p. 355).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At about one year, the first word appears. The first word is used as a sentence. Later, the vocabulary increases rapidly. Nouns come first; then verbs; then adjectives and adverbs; with pronouns appearing last (Papalia et al., 2002, p. 356).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Language ability depends on maturation, but also on other factors. Those children who talk earliest will, on the average, alter prove to be the most intelligent. Girls tend to talk a little earlier than boys. Single children also tend to talk earlier than twins. Those with a more stimulating home environment make more rapid progress in language development than those with a poorer environment (Papalia et al., 2002, p. 357).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My niece was introduced to two languages from the very start when she was barely three months old. Her parents decided that they introduce her to her ancestral language which is basically French. Although very difficult at first since they will be speaking to her in two languages, they became used to the idea later on. However, they noticed that acquisition of vocabulary is slower compared to unilingual babies or children. This was starting to be evident when the child turned nine months to one-year old when the baby starts to mimic whatever her parents would say to her and starts to speak her desires. Today she is already almost three years old and has been alternately speaking English and French. Though her vocabulary gets mixed many times, she can easily switch to any of the two languages whenever she prefers to; though again given her maturity level, she still is limited with facility for words. From my observation, it is quite true that though a child may be limited with the speed at which he/she can speak words or language compared to the unilingual child, the bilingual tends to have a higher degree of proficiency later on. Studies show that acquiring another language (especially quite similar to the learned ones) will be greater a possibility if the child has been taught with two or more languages as a child (Papalia et al., 2002, p. 357). Reference: Papalia, Diane E., Sally W. Olds, Ruth Duskin Feldman. 2002. Human Development, Eighth   ed. McGraw-Hill.

Talent Management At Standard Chartered Bank Management Essay

Talent Management At Standard Chartered Bank Management Essay The systematic attraction, identification, development, engagement/retention and deployment of those individuals with high potential who are of particular value to an organization.. (from Talent Management: Understanding the dimensions, CIPD 2006, www.cipd.co.uk/researchinsights) Talent management is a dynamic process that has to be continuously reviewed to ensure that organizational requirements are still being met in the light of changing business priorities. (from Talent Management, CIPD 2007, www.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres) There is no single definition of the concept of talent management pays each organization to find a meaning to fit the specific needs and circumstances, and I think that this is the first point to develop a strategy to manage the talent within the organization.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ My reading of the evidence of the case study (and talent for numbers) contained in this paper the task, can I draw a table that match between talent management at Standard Chartered Bank, and some of the features of SHRM.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ In the last decade of the last century a growing awareness of the value of human goals and means in the development system, and therefore become more frequent studies, research and conferences held to define the concept of human development and analysis of components and dimensions, basic needs, social development, human capital formation, or raise the standard of living or improve the quality of life. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ Human resources development (the process is to increase the knowledge, skills and abilities of the workforce capable of operating in all areas, which are picked up and selected, in light of the different tests in order to raise the level of productive efficiency to the fullest extent possible.)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ Talent Management at Standard Chartered Bank Features of SHRM And talent management programmer is to collect information about the workforce in the bank in all parts of the world, showing that there is a need for help, or if the resources are used well. SHRM increase the flow of information on job opportunities, goals and organizational objectives. SHRM Accreditation human capital, which provides information about the capabilities of current and potential human capital to guide the development of the strategy.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ Three other principles that support the Bank of programmer talent: the great works great needs of managers; managers in building great staff participation; and that people perform better when they play with full force. SHRM enters a new team with the leaders of broader responsibilities. Employee relations, participation, and participation, and strengthen accountability and experience in the field to improve performance. Standard Chartered Bank to use lines of inner tubes to grow talent internally, and therefore have a continuous supply of talent. World Bank development programs to identify and develop talented people at all levels of the group, and the establishment of pools of local talent. Follow the talent during the recording and analysis of data of human capital. SHRM much emphasis on the role of education and development. Career development, and project and loan experience to enhance managerial expertise. Bank introduce some global standards and tools, and gives some of the managers in the banks the freedom to decide locally which the best way to use them. SHRM consider the geographical and cultural diversity as an opportunity to strengthen the functions and facilitate the exchange of best practices and ideas and new ways of working. Evaluation is a key part of talent management at Standard Chartered, it is used to classify employees into five categories, ranging from the high potential of the presentations and encourage them to take control of their personal development. SHRM focus on a system scale to support business goals. SHRM introduction of a new basis for the selection of staff and salary structures. Assessment and evaluation; evaluation, and feedback on performance, training, and work towards the objectives of development and function; observations of the resolutions of the job evaluation and development needs. The World Bank tools to evaluate performance on a regular basis, such as feedback of 360 degrees. SHRM incorporates a change in the organizational structures and performance evaluation. Bonus, with a focus on skills development and contribute to the workforce, improving team performance As one of the objectives of Standard Chartered is to attract the brightest talent, and then further develop their skills, and the bank has set the global orientation program, called Right Start, which is covering all the new arrivals.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ . SHRM create the appropriate atmosphere within the organization for current employees and new arrivals. SHRM looks at the process that enables people. Induction with the recruitment and selection processes, and this creates a culture of development. The aim to create great managers of the Bank, with the help of structured interview and by the Gallup Organization, and identified 250 people who have senior leadership in that it seeks to strengthen and provide them with training. SHRM is required to obtain new skills and new ways of working in organizations. SHRM ensure that all aspects of the organization of resources are involved (knowledge, core competencies). SHRM establish a relationship of personnel management and strategic management. The bank is offering a wide range of self-help tools for managers at all levels to develop their abilities and skills. For example, a product called the conversation on the Internet and discovered a test of strength. SHRM staff development, and new ideas, and training. SHRM looks at people in the first place to be managed resources to achieve strategic business objectives. Many of the practices talent management at Standard Chartered Bank is displayed features of SHRM, for example, are on staff participation, personal development and career planning (as shown in the table). It is useful for all organizations to manage their people under the scheme, coherent and management practices that reflect the talents and attributes SHRM to achieve success in the business world. Organizations need to develop human resources management strategy that is unique to their situation in terms of the context and objectives, and the demands of organizational stakeholders.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ 1.2 rare talents and it is a guarantee for the future. But in the current crisis in the world, executives in the banking sector in a bid to find a balance between the numbers of staff and reduce labor costs and maintain the use of talent management programs at the same time (both play offense and defense). What is the best way to manage talent in times of crisis? No talent management program is a program to change the long term? There are complementarities between human resources management and other departments in the enterprise; they are not only management assistance to other departments to assist them to manage their human resources needs, promotion, and transfer and performance evaluation. There is also integration between the activities contained in the human resources management such as integration between the activities of the description and workforce planning operating and research and polarization selection, recruitment and measurement of efficiency but in times of crisis, and I think that senior executives must recognize the importance of workforce management, staffing and costs, while achieving the maximum utilization of talent. And that the actual performance of the work agreed performance standards. Evaluation is an inevitable requirement in order to achieve organization goals based on the criteria set. The performance appraisal is a review of what they have done depending on what he called fu nctional and standards of their work, and also provides information on the performance appraisal skills they need to perform their duties perfectly. Through the evaluation, depending on the results take decisions to reward diligent and punish the defaulters. The responsibility for human resources management is in the design of the statute to assess the performance of individuals and training managers on how the evaluation then keep records of performance evaluation in order to take decisions on them. The evaluation may be used for individual development through identification of training needs to him and see how progress towards efficiency. There are several ways to evaluate them as reported good goal-setting and evaluation pans and the entrance to labor standards and the checklist and the order simple. Talent Management is one of the major concerns, and even more in times of crisis because the driver to make a change in the long term. Executives need to use the talent management programs to focus on maintaining their core competencies to improve efficiency and increase the transfer of workers to the divisions and functions in high demand, to build up enough of the reward, and they need it to restructure jobs to reduce costs if they want their companies to stay in market and leave behind the current global crisis. In the current troubled economy, it is natural that executives in different parts of the world to take actions to size of the right organizations to avoid a Lehman Brothers to meet the new economic reality. According to 326 executives of international, who participated in the January 2009 across the industry to a survey by Forbes magazine, Deloitte Insights, shows that these figures are senior executives, which seeks to strengthen and deepen the capacity of human origins within the organizations and programs in accordance with the management talent to run the company smarter to be ready to take advantage of the best of times and the position of their organizations for growth once the current crisis begins to pass through. We all know that in the recruitment of current circumstances, not a top priority for most companies, even executives should keep the focus on retention and training of future leaders, evaluation of the success of the planning objectives of the organization and help the clarity of vision and work on the composition of Standards adopted in the stimulation and development organizations can survive in the competitive environment. The process of evaluation, if applied at the correct standards and keep abreast of global progress, it helps to develop the organization and achieve its objectives. Another important point in my opinion, and develop their talents present, because they know that the current global crisis will remain for the time and not forever (economic cycles). Another reason for this focus on maintaining the existing talent, and even during the current recession, and there is fear that competitors may try to attract staff away because of the value of the crisis, and also holds the opportunity did not put an end to the war for talent. Wave of restructuring and evictions often creates vacancies for the attention, says Tom Declercq, Managing Partner at Deloitte talent. To summarize and highlight the benefits of continuous use talent management as an engine of change, and will constitute a long-term view of Hubert de Neve, the chief of staff for Imec, and nanotechnology research center in Leuven. And said We can not say in the future. We can only do our duty and we know how best, as we used to do that. It is important, as always, to continue to invest. Even in talent. Which is one way for an organization to be ready as soon as the economy improved again? 1.3 since it was the first time and Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) the focus of many discussions. And is usually measured SHRM of compatibility between human resources (HR) management practices and strategic goals, and the integration of the human resources function in the process of strategic management, human resource development practices for executives, the impact of these practices on the strong performance (Bowen and Ostroff 2004; Ulrich 1998) Human Resources Management to adopt two entrances to the human resources which can benefit organizations through which the two increase organizational effectiveness and satisfy the needs of individuals as reported good. And goes on good, instead of looking at the organizations goals and needs of the individuals they are opposites separate and to achieve any of them would be at the expense of the other, take the entrance to the human resources that both the organizations goals and needs of individuals complement each other and not be at the expense of one of them, so research has shown behavioral need to treat individuals as resources rather than as a production factor. The good foundations and principles underlying this entry, including: 1. If individuals are the best investment management and development can achieve the objectives of the organization and increase productivity. 2. The human resources policies must be created to satisfy the needs of individuals psychological, economic and social development. 3. The work environment should create and encourage individuals to develop and exploit their skills. 4. Programs and human resource policies must be implemented in a sensitive balance between the needs of individuals and the goals of the organization through a structured process will help to achieve this important balance. The Deputy Minister of Administrative Reform Canada, Mr. Charlbwa , noted that Canada has prepared a long term plan from 1990-2000 and was named the project for developing the performance of service in 2000 with a view to strengthening the public service to be more efficient and specialized and impartial and to be recognized as an asset productivity in the development process . Not surprising to find that four items out of ten items in the plan, the Canadian interest in human resources. These four items are the benefits and compensation, and training and development, and employment adjustment after working with the working environment. After reviewing the above shows, the importance of human resources as an asset developmental productive and effective if properly exploited, training, and this helped the lead of adults because they are concerned with the human element but also has developed strategic plans for the realization of the importance of the maximum utilization of these human resources as is the case in the State of Canada. SHRM still need to prove their contribution to the method of measuring organizational performance (Budhwar and Khatri 2001; Fisher and Dowling 1999; Schuler and Jackson 1999). As I said before, there are always discussions about whether it really is the practice of SHRM; executives alike have a role in transforming the HR function to be more strategic, and whether it adds value to the minimum (Martell and Carroll, 1995). SHRM consider human resources as assets for investment, and human resources management and strategic rather than reactive, and the perspective of administrative (Budhwar 2000a; Buyens will be a friendly in 2001). Because he knows how human resources management through the formulation and implementation of company / business strategies (Brewster and Larsen 1992), Integration refers to the involvement of human resources management in the formulation and implementation of organizational strategies and coordination between human resources management with the strategic needs of the organization. Integration leads to improved efficiency and cost-effectiveness. In addition, and human resources to be a strategic partner for human resource managers to participate in strategic decision-making along with other senior managers, and provide greater opportunity for human resources to align goals, strategies, philosophies and practices with the companys objectives and implementation of business strategy (Ulrich 1997a; Buyens friendly and would be 1999 ). As human resources managers membership in more than senior management team in the organization that can give the opportunity to manage human resources to represent their interests, and the impact of business strategy, and performance monitoring. . Section B, Question 3: Introduction The ultimate goal is to enable the participant to lead a thorough examination of the position of management and human resource development in the firm using the tools available for this activity, the modern enterprise requires staff who focus On the client, and flexible multi-skilled and skilled to adapt to innovative and results-oriented, and able to respond quickly to unexpected changes, and able to develop options to work through Negotiation and communication and networking. Staff need to play an active and leading role in policy development, regulation and administrative arrangements to ensure the achievement of organizational objectives. Learning and development, and therefore play a vital role in organizational development to achieve the strategic human resource management results. For example, the development and use of human capital attraction and retention, And all of the human resources development (HRD) practices are in the center of strategic focus in the management of human resources. The purpose of this article is to discuss the role and importance of resource development humanity in achieving organizational results SHRM. The definition of human resource development Human resources development (HRD) is a human resources management activities designed to develop skills, knowledge and attitudes of workers institution. It is thus part of a comprehensive concept Human resources management. They are concerned with the training activities as well as covering other aspects such as planning, career progression and work cycle, like any other activity which plays an important role in the development of the population within the organization. and human resource development to assist staff to develop their personal skills, knowledge and organizational capacity. Human resource development and also help in identifying the needs of skills of companies, in the present and future, and to identify and incorporate the learning needs of individuals. The ultimate goal is to see the skills of their workforce and knowledge to perform the tasks required of staff, and manpower which is keen to learn new skills in order to be able to meet the challenges of the future, in other words that the purpose of the use of human resources development in the transition from a learning organization simple. There are many ways to this development, but can be formal and inform al. Formal learning such as training classes or distance learning courses, the process of informal learning is the direction of self-development. These include: learning: This is a formal process of staff development, such as the learning activities planned by the employer to enhance the skills and knowledge of staff to implement the tasks current best or work in the future. Development Plan: Refers to the individual and collective activities that develop personal skills and capabilities, such as organizational change. And determine the qualifications: such as staff development on the environment in general is not a particular job or individual, for example, programs such as commercial and administrative management course work or masters degree in management business. The purpose of the Human Resources Development Strategy, are all activities, including those run by the workers themselves, which aims to make optimum use of the institution and make them happy employees, the management strategy and human resource development for the institution. And describe the decision-making levels (strategic, functional and operational) and the manner in which it would be incorporated in the strategic management and human resources development and describes the objectives, descriptions and indicators of management strategy and human resource development as well as target indicators, activities and plans, priorities and resources needed to implement the strategy, advocates a strategic approach to resource developm ent human suggest that the development of human resources play an important role in linking policies SHRM and achieve business goals. Human resources development strategy and include staff positions to support the objectives The Organization through appropriate design in accordance with the needs of staff, and all that was supported by management commitment. A strategic plan for the development of human resources help the organization in achieving its objectives and achieve its objectives through the development and retention of people with high skills who are motivated, innovative and flexible. But can the development of human resources to achieve the principles in itself or in isolation from other human resources practices and policies such as SHRM. Human resources development is one of the foundations of the organization, not the sole basis. We must support the objectives of human resource development for companies, to be consistent with the Plan of SHRM and become an integral part of the business environment in the organization. This requires the commitment of all staff in order to be effective, a commitment to identify areas that require development and commitment to work in order to meet the needs that have been identified and that the responsibility of the ultimate goal is The participant will be able to lead a thorough examination of the position of the management and human resource development in the firm using the tools available for this activity and achieving the goals of training desired by creating an environment conducive to this achievement through a range of training in particular, and throughout the organization in general à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Senior Management: strategic leadership for the development of human resources, and determine future needs of learning and its commitment to support and actively promote human resources development plan, analysis of the situation Indicators and how they can be modified, to see if he proposed structure raises the level of achievement of the objectives previously defined, or is it necessary adjustments and changes, regular sessions of the workshop on entrepreneurship development Foundation to assess the results and any changes it considers necessary, each of the proposed structure and work procedures, or descriptions of work involved, the definition of activities during the transition period advertised, especially Those that are intended to inform and raise the motivation of people who are affected by changes in the structure or operating procedures. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Managers: To ensure the implementation of human resource development under the program, the senior Management must group for the implementation of the study, and follow-up and evaluation of the identification of needs for individuals And corporate learning with the staff, and ensure the provision of training and development to meet these needs and define how can estimate the amount of indicators (the current situation and future), the organization of ongoing review of progress Workflow, which must be implemented by senior management to verify the implementation of changes and evaluation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Staff: to identify learning needs, according to the level of functionality, and identify priorities for learning with their managers, and then human resource development programs that would help to improve productivity And the effectiveness of individual goals and career advancement, he described the work in accordance with the new organizational structure, including the tasks, performance standards, and work activities, knowledge and skills required, identify groups Work, and integrity of the overall tasks of the institution, and to assess the conditions of appointment and promotion, the definition of the transition processes from the current situation to the situation resulting from the new organizational structure, clarifying the objectives of the procedures And how to implement them, you must take into account the changes required to operate these procedures with the new structure and system development work on the organization of the institution to identify the problems of organizational structure and the search for solutions. (Sub-groups can be established if needed to analyze the different positions). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The human resources function: planning and human resource development plan, and provide advice and assistance regarding the implementation plan to develop human resources, the exact definition of the transition period from the current situation Target to the situation when a decision to make changes in the structure. Strategic Objective for Education and Development Human resource development beyond the traditional concept of training and development through training courses and human resource development to consider ways that are best suited to achieve the desired learning, such as: training labor and Employment, and rotation, and research, seminars, mentoring, training and study. In fact, without this broader context, most of the training ends wasting money. Of course, the traditional is not always the most convenient way to learn, for example, in most cases knows that the employee gained quickly lost due to the lack of follow-up or an opportunity to practice learning. Should managers to provide staff with opportunities to practice and discuss what they have learned. Follow-up learning requires both managers and staff to plan how they will do so. While it is important in all organizations, it applies especially in a small institution where he repeated training is not financially feasible. For this reason, managers must determine the most appropriate way to learn and keep in mind that not all learning styles of the cost of funds. Education played an important role in achieving organizational results SHRM. We already know the relationship between SHRM and change (Figure below illustrates this). In fact, it will show through changes in the Learning SHRM Performance Change Source: Strategic Management of Human Resources Version 3.0 p 317. To improve the performance of the organization need to develop the ability to change through learning, because learning is a real opportunity, innovation and creativity and the ability to release staff. Review and evaluation to measure the role and importance of development of human resources in achieving organizational results SHRM, should be reconsidered in human resources development plan and evaluated periodically in the light of the objectives and performance indicators Such as productivity and efficiency, and efficiency in development, and cost effectiveness, and the balance would be acceptable between the processes and skills required and the ability to respond correctly to changes in work and: The ability to deal with changes in the mechanisms of effective planning and coordination. In short, there are many benefits that accompany the integration of human resource development with the organizations mission and strategic objectives. Such as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The use of human resources development as a management tool to increase productivity. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ increase the participation of supervisors and executive management, and executives in the field of training and development of their workforce. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A framework for the development of human resources strategy, a copy of a preliminary modified by the International Telecommunication Union and World Bank. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Indicators of the plan to improve court administration. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Workshops and seminars to develop the organizational structure. Human resources development, in the context of learning and development, is a vital factor in business planning and the survival of the organization. Section B, Question 4: Introduction Dealing with the needs of innovation and rapid environmental changes associated with life changes and economic changes in the world, as well as all the traditional newspaper business to convert the human resources management (THRM) in SHRM for their support, promote and work on the growth and development, because there is no doubt that the Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM ) is useful for good corporate performance and dedication to work and teamwork, and this is what you want any company. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ What is the relationship between SHRM and the menstrual cycle? Why centralized systems of SHRM monthly period? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ The definition of performance management systems à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ According to SHRM (Society of Human Resources Management), and management performance is a means to regularly monitor the results of work activities, collecting and evaluating performance to determine achievement of objectives, and the use of performance information for decision-making, resource allocation and communication, both in receipt of goals. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ In other words, the system of performance management is the management process refers to a group of technologies, functions and procedures to improve the performance of the organization and its staff and the forest in order to ensure that the process will focus its efforts in ways that will contribute to achieving the companys goals and objectives. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ Bevan Thompson (1992) offer the following definition:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ * PMS communicate a vision of the organizations objectives to the employee. * PMS provide the departmental/business unit and individual performance targets that are drawn from the wider organizational objectives. * PMS provide a formal review process of how the objectives have been met. * PMS establish the basis for identifying training, development and reward decisions as outcomes from the review process. * A fully integrated PM system (objective setting, review process and linked development and review system) provides the basis for evaluating the effectiveness of the whole performance process in providing enhanced organizational performance. A carefully modeled system will provide the necessary information to report on capability as well as outcomes achieved. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ PMS have different advantages such as: * PMS set expectations for employee performance based on business objectives. Supervisors and managers are responsible for managing the performance of their employees to best fit the nature of the work performed and the mission of the organization. * PMS maintain a dialogue between supervisor and employee to keep performance on track. e.g., when expectations change during the course of the work cycle, supervisors communicate these changes and modify work plans as necessary. * There is a mix of quantitative and qualitative objectives. * The system is integrated with interlocking procedures and flows of information. To name just a few Why centralized systems of SHRM monthly period? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ It is known that the strategy of human resource management and performance management system helps to focus staff on the operational results and strategy of the organization. In other words, human resource management strategy, which contains the menstrual cycle that can work to bring about a culture change in strategic direction and effective, which means it is the corner stone of per