Why I must Be Careful

As I sit and type, while I can think of a million reasons why I need to be more careful and not speed, there are two reasons that seem to stick out at the top of my head. The first reason is, I need to be more careful because I could cause harm to myself and second, and more importantly, to someone else. Causing harm to me can lead to a whole lot of heartache for my family. It would further prove that everything my Mom and Dad were telling me is no joke. They love me and want me to grow up to become a functional and successful young man in today’s society.Causing harm to someone else could also lead to a lot of heartache for my family as well as someone else’s family. It could also lead to death. Speeding is defined as â€Å"exceeding the posted speed limit, driving too fast for conditions, or racing† and is a dangerous driving behavior. Despite progress in other areas, such as increased seat belt usage and fewer drunken driving deaths, speeding continues to be a major factor in about one-third of traffic fatalities.Speeding is an offense that’s not only dangerous to the one committing the crime, but also to all those that are surrounding the offender. There are signs posted on the side of the road for a reason. They control the traffic flow and keep accidents to a minimum. Going over these regulated speed zones is dangerous because if there is an obstacle that suddenly appears and you’re going too fast to avoid it then that is an equation for disaster. You could damage your vehicle or worse, harm yourself or somebody else.To help enforce the speeding laws the police department assigns districts to the policemen and women to help catch and correct people who end up trying to break the law whether it be intentional or not. Speeding is a crime that when it is being broken is dangerous to more than one party. That may be the reason why it’s taken so seriously and is enforced at a higher degree. When driving an automobile t here are more problems than just going over the speed limit. There are wide varieties of situations that you must be aware of before you get behind the wheel of a vehicle.You must not only be cautious of yourself but also everyone who occupies the roadways. You never know what can happen. There are too many uncertainties when it comes to the mixing of different people and their vehicles. You never know what kind of obstacles you will be faced with when you enter a public roadway. To help compensate for these uncertainties one must take extreme caution. Always be aware of your surroundings at all times. You must learn to keep your head on a swivel and eyes always on the road. When driving through any type of speed zone you should be extremely precautious.Especially in a school zone, due to children going and leaving school as well as all cars that could possibly be lined up waiting to pick up and drop off their children. When it comes to yours and others safety you must take as many precautions as necessary to keep everyone safe. If you were to ask the average American to recite the speed limits that are placed on the various types of roads such as freeways, back roads, residential streets, you would be surprised to discover how many can’t answer this seemingly simple question.There are many factors that are often overlooked, but there are cases when drivers get caught speeding. The quickest route from point A to point B is a straight line but while driving a vehicle that is rarely an available path. So to make up for that some people, even I decide to speed. But with speeding come a lot of risks and dangers. Drivers usually speed because they are in a rush, they are not paying attention to their driving, and they do not think the laws applies to them, they do not think their driving is dangerous, or they just don’t think they will get caught speeding.This is ugly, but it is the truth. No matter the excuse speeding is still against the law, so if you’re caught speeding, like I was, then you will be punished accordingly. In my case I was caught doing a high rate of speed. I was so far over the speed limit that it’s no longer classified as a ticket. My ticket was pushed up as a Super Speeder. A Super Speeder as a driver convicted of speeding at seventy-five miles per hour or more on a two-lane road or at eighty-five mph and above on any road of highway in the State of Georgia.I was going eighty-three mph in a fifty mph zone. When I was summoned to court I was told that even if I paid the One Hundred ninety dollar ticket, my license would still be revoked so I need to go to court and take my punishment. When I went before the judge, I displayed my extreme remorse for what I had done as well as my Mother. She even told the judge she had taken the keys and probably won’t get them back until graduation. I cannot be more grateful for the judge giving me the task of completing an essay on â€Å"Why I should Be More Careful.†I expressed my gratitude and remorse for my dastardly deed by typing this essay instead of having my license revoked, paying an extremely large ticket, or possibly going to jail. I would like to believe the judge showed me lenience because it was my first and last traffic violation as well as the innate good in me. This was an ordeal that could have been easily avoided by simply going the posted speed limit. I can honestly say that I have learned my lesson and hopefully anyone reading this essay will think twice before going over the speed limit.I have seen the error of my ways. In my mind, I subconsciously down played the dangers of speeding. I was also shocked to see the amount of people who actually speed on a regular basis. People speed on a regular basis is out of impatience. Rarely does anyone have a valid reason as to why they speed, but then again not everyone gets caught, but if you are unlucky enough to get caught then you could face a plethora of conse quences, so it’s best to keep yourself and other people safe by obeying the traffic laws and following the posted speed signs along the side of the road.In conclusion, this is my essay on why I should be more careful and why speeding is irrational and why it is just better to do the posted speed limit and obey all traffic laws. Once again, I am grateful for this opportunity to show my remorse for breaking the law and I will not speed again and I will be more careful. Thank you for taking the time to read my essay.

Houghton Mifflin Company Essay

World War 1 is the first war in history that I may say, involved the use of technology and advances in science. The ever famous â€Å"mustard gas† was developed by the Germans, and used against the allied forces. Mustard gas is an oily liquid that readily evaporates into a very noxious and toxic gas, and are used in chemical warfare, where it burns the skin and causes very fatal respiratory and lung damages. It was used effectively against bunkers and trenches, where escape was not easy, so the efficiency of the gas is very high. The Allied forces counteract and produced the first ever effective gas mask, made from very fine activated carbon; it absorbs the poisonous gas, preventing severe damage and effect to the allied soldiers. The drawback of this mask was it reduced visibility and made the soldier vulnerable to sniper attacks. World War 1 was also the setting for the first aerial warfare. Airplanes in the form of biplanes (the first type of airplane, it was very light and it resembled the first airplanes developed by the Wright brothers). They converted simple courier and transport planes into aerial and bomber planes, mass produced the most efficient design and further improved its applications. The Germans have early aerial advantage against the allied forces because of its high amount of available fighter planes and the ever famous Zeppelin, a large dirigible or flying balloon used in bombarding and raiding Britain. But the German advantage declined starting the mid-1916 because the British forces gained aerial superiority in the Western front. Aside trench warfare; tanks were also first widely used in World War 1. Light tanks were first manufactured on 1910 and used for small wars and revolts on the British Empire. The Germans also manufactured tanks to cope up with the allied forces. Armored tanks were used later to inflict damage to enemy trenches. Besides tanks, long range artillery was also developed. High powered howitzers and cannons were fired towards enemy trenches and were proven effective against concentrated enemy troops and tanks. On sea, naval warfare was also developed. Large sea vessels carried high powered bombs and can lay siege even to distant enemy camps. The Germans was the first to use submarines on a full scale war on the sea. They can damage enemy ships without being detected or even seen. The submarine was proven to be effective as patrol on enemy sea territory and can be used as a warning if enemy naval ships were mobilized. The famous German submarine was the U-boat. It was used on unrestricted submarine warfare, in which enemy ships were targeted and sunk, even civilian ships. This unrestricted submarine warfare leads the United States to join the war on 1917. The reason was because the German U-boat was a risk to the United States trade policies with European countries. The U-boat has sunk the Lusitania on 1915, a British liner en route to the United States. It carried American citizens, and reports were published that Americans were killed during the attack. These angered the United States, thus declaring war on Germany and the Central Powers. World War 1 was not fought only on Europe. The colonies of European nations involved also joined the war. Japan for instance, joined the Allied forces to obtain German colonies on the pacific. The British expeditionary forces battled the Ottoman Empire on the desert. The expeditionary force led by T. E. Lawrence pushed the Ottoman Empire troops back into Lebanon until its defeat by the Allied forces on September 1918. The Treaty of Versailles ended the war. When the Central powers were defeated, this treaty promised peace all throughout Europe and it was the one who outlined the land and territorial distribution of lands acquired from the Central powers. I was affected by the topic because World War 1 was a very devastating war. Over 20 million casualties were reported on both sides. May were killed and wounded. I know war was against morality. But sometimes, countries and governments were blinded by their ambitions, mostly to obtain power and territories. As stated earlier, war is inevitable. Although the United Nation exists now, war is still happening. Even now, as I write this article, a war is happening, somewhere out there. War can still be prevented up to a certain extent. Peace talks must be initiated to prevent further conflicts, even if war has already broke up. Living in peace is a very good thing. I can help to achieve that, in my own little way, by respecting others’ opinion and properties. If every nation on earth can learn that, I am sure war are sure to be found on History books only. No war will happen once again. Respect is the word. References Andrea, A. J, and Overfield J. H. (1990). The Human record: Sources of Global History. Vol. 2. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Company. Heilbroner, R. H. (1974). An Inquiry into the Human Prospect. New York. Norton and Company. Keilor W. R. (2007). â€Å"World War 1†. Microsoft ® Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond. Microsoft Corporation

Personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Personal Statement Example Nevertheless, according to the constitution, the most important right that Kurdistan region had was the right to exploit its own natural resources. This right led to Kurdistan region being a place where major energy companies wanted to explore and invest in the region’s natural resources such as oil and gas. The energy business became large and had high demand therefore there arose the need for professionals such as lawyers to help with the formulation of contracts and for setting out various laws regarding energy. In my work experience at a law firm, I realized that I have to improve certain skills. These skills include acquiring knowledge on English as a language, legal writing skills, ability to do legal research based on international standards and communication skills with international lawyers and managers. I can only acquire these skills academically. This is mainly the chief reason why I desire an LL.M. degree in a country that uses English as its national language. I chose to do law because I have a passion for this profession. According to me, it as a method to lend a hand to people in their legal matters and become a legal adviser to many people as well. In my country, there is lack of adequate information and legal knowledge regarding energy. An LL.M. in energy degree will equip me with the right information that I can use to help my country with when it comes to legal matters concerning energy. I will have the ability to assist my nation expand its international market by formulating the correct legal contracts required, advising the government on legal matters concerning energy, and ensuring that my country is not exploited by other countries that want to invest in the energy business. In a this realm, I will be able to help the country understand the Iraqi people due to my acquired communication skills. I look forward to to acquiring skills that will aid me improve my ability as a professional. These

Fraud, Murder and Bribery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fraud, Murder and Bribery - Essay Example The other fundamental questions have been should American firms engage in these practices while in business abroad? This is because firms’ ability to effectively compete in the global economy has been affected mainly by these unethical practices. It is not proper to engage in unethical business practices even if a firm is in countries where their practices are tolerated. Ethical decision-making is important to the success of any Company. Some business decisions are easy and obvious to make; others are not. When a firm is faced with a tough situation, asking various operational questions can help them make the correct ethical decisions. Likewise, it is essential for firms to obey the spirit and letter of the laws within and out of the country at all times. Furthermore, wherever they live or work, they should respect the values that are ethical to protect their reputation both at home and abroad. Every country where they operate or do business has their own laws, regulations, and culture. Many times there are significant deviations from one place to another or between regions. However, no matter where a firm works, they sho, and be all responsible for respecting all applicable laws and do business in the most ethical manner. However, firms in America are not allowed by law to engage in these unethical practices. Despite the desire of a particular firm to engage in such practices, they are prohibited by the law. It is in public domain that the United States firms, unlike in many other countries around the world, has to contend with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) of 1977 that tries to address the issue of unethical business practices such as bribery for U.S. companies (Loughman & Sibery,2012).  

Fat vs Thin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fat vs Thin - Essay Example The adjective form of the word is of interest here. Fat can be looked at as the state of being well stocked and having plenty to spare. Abundance is a pre requisite of being fat in whatever way. If one is physically fat, then the body has to be plump with a lot of flabby tissue, signifying abundance. A more polite way of referring o such a person would be saying that one is obese or overweight. When referring to anything else as fat, the idea behind it would be portraying the object as being well filled and rich in quality and tone. Anything that is fat possesses the character of being impressive and substantial. Whereas referring to someone as fat can be looked at as negative and often demeaning; the exact opposite meaning is obtained if and when talking about lifeless objects and phenomena (Altman 26). Thin is a word that can also be categorized as an adverb, noun or adjective depending on its use and position in a sentence. The most important definition to us would be the adjective form of the word. The word thin is descriptive in nature and is used to describe entities, be they alive or lifeless. Thin means being in a poor and inadequate state. It is often used to describe matter that is sparsely placed and poorly concentrated. Insufficiency is usually the underlying causative phenomenon in as far as being thin is concerned. It informs the absence of fullness and resonance. Human beings and animals can also be defined as thin. Thin in this sense would mean that one is slender or lean in stature and form (Altman 69). Thin is majorly used to describe one’s embodiment. Whereas thin can generally be viewed as a negative phenomenon, there are instances when it defines positivity. When a person is referred to as thin for instance, the assumption is that the person is both lean and in shape. Fat is the opposite of thin and vice versa. No matter how you look at it regardless of what informs your decision, something or someone cannot be

Humor in Edgar Allan Poes Some Words With a Mummy Essay

Humor in Edgar Allan Poes Some Words With a Mummy - Essay Example A symposium having wearied him into a drowsy headache, the narrator resolves to go to bed early with "just a mouthful of supper." The 'mouthful' proves a gargantuan one, consisting of four or five pounds of Welsh rabbit and at least five bottles of Brown Stout. The narrator drolly insists that after this "frugal meal" he went to bed hoping to sleep till noon the next day. Quite apart from the intention of entertaining the reader with his wit, the narrator probably also wishes to suggest that the ensuing story could have been a dream engendered by the extraordinary evening meal and his state of unusual weariness. The narrator wittily complains that ere he had completed his "third snore" he was awakened by the doorbell and was given an urgent message from his friend Dr Ponnonner. The doctor had secured permission from the Directors of the City Museum to open and examine a mummy, and he invited his friend to the examination at eleven, that evening at his house. Excited and ecstatic, "overthrowing all in my way", dressing himself "with a rapidity truly marvellous", the narrator set off, at the top of his speed, to the doctor's. An eager party of scientists and historians standing around Dr Ponnonner's dining table, on which the mummy had been placed, eagerly awaited the narrator. The outer box was opened to reveal hieroglyphical characters-probably the mummy's name. The narrator records, tongue-in-cheek, that these were translated by Mr Gliddon to represent the word "Allamistakeo." Not one of the assembled party of scholars comments on the humor of this appellation. The narrator, however, seems confident that the lay reader of his story will get the joke, for he does not make the mistake of underscoring the obvious. This is, doubtless, a dig at the blinkered vision of the new trend of specialist scholars. The puerility of the scholars is again highlighted in their idiotic experiment of introducing electrical current to the mummy's body ("about one-tenth in earnest and nine-tenths in jest") and their fright at the first unexpected reaction to it. The narrator calls attention to the fact that the mummy's wide-open eyes were now half- closed. He was not alarmed by this occurrence, he says, but he admits that were it not for the five bottles of Brown stout he had consumed, he "might have been a little nervous." As for his scholarly friends, they really made no attempt at concealing the downright fright which possessed them. Doctor Ponnonner was a man to be pitied. Mr. Gliddon, by some peculiar process, rendered himself invisible. Mr. Silk Buckingham, I fancy, will scarcely be so bold as to deny that he made his way, upon all fours, under the table. With all the stupidity of scholarship, they continue their juvenile researches after the initial shock. They now apply the electric current to the great toe of the mummy's right foot. The mummy's immediate reflex bestowed a sturdy kick on Dr Ponnonner, "discharging that gentleman, like an arrow from a catapult, through a window into the street below." The doctor's friends mournfully go down to collect his "mangled remains" but Ponnonner himself rushing up "in an unaccountable hurry, brimful of the most ardent philosophy", meets them on the way, eager as ever to continue the experiment. Dr Ponnonner now takes

Analyze the Capital Cycle (healthcare related) Assignment

Analyze the Capital Cycle (healthcare related) - Assignment Example There are two components of a capital structure. The first comprises of strategic planning and implementation, while the second comprises of the development of supporting infrastructure which include financial planning, capital structure and capital allocation. The importance of a financial plan to an organization is that it places the organization in financial equilibrium position, which defines its organizational capabilities. The financial infrastructure plays an important role in giving integrity and momentum to the capital cycle. Capital structure on its part looks at the questions relating to the financing of the organization, which is best described as a combination of debt and equity that seeks to finance the strategic plan. Capital allocation should be done in consideration with the best practices that relate to financial objectives and policies, review of the project and the approval of the capital expenditures of the organization. ... Poplin (2011) observes that capital capacity has significantly reduced the hospital capacity, and defined the amount of capital available to the organization for funding both the routine capital requirements and the strategic plan of moving forward. Feasibility and impact of improved operating performance shows that organizations geographically located in markets that do not expect to experience organic growth have difficulties in closing the gap between projected sources and the application of finances over that time horizon. Strategic position and viability of strategic plans cautions executives to look closely at the strategic plans in line with the current financial plan. Some strategies may have to be extended to a later date while others may require some urgency in implementation. According to Coss (2009), labour efficiency in a healthcare institution is an important factor in the capital cycle. However, it is difficult to access individual worker’s productivity of the o rganization. In case it has to be done, a desired understanding of what defines a desired output is put into consideration. Healthcare investments that are aimed at improving the efficiency are increasing being considered by organizations. The various processes that are put into more focus include the workflow analysis, workplace architecture, product design, and information technology. The major difference is vested on the persons involved in the purchase of equipment and the actual users of the equipment. Different sets of purchasing and marketing motivators affect the purchasing decisions of high ranking decision making officials in a different way than those who regularly put the equipment to

Analysis of U.S. Foreign Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of U.S. Foreign Policy - Essay Example The U.S. democratization policy was introduced and affected by President Bush in 2005 after his administration realized that the U.S. support of non-democratic leaders contributed to terrorism. This paper will detail on how presidency, interest groups, the news media as well as the international distribution of power has made democracy policy to be what it is in the Middle East. The American interests directed to the Middle East are not national interests. The interests of some groups such as small energy companies, banks, and well-paid lobbyists do not in any way present the interests of the majority of the Americans who constitute of working-class individuals from all social groups. In most occasions, the ruling groups portray their own interests as national interests. The ruling elites have evident interests in the Middle East that they have been pursuing for almost a century. Those interests can be referred to as imperialist interests because they center on Middle East’s energy resources (Epstein, Miko and Serafino 7). In advocating democracy in the Middle East, America aims at preventing the rise of popular movements that may threaten her control of that region’s natural resources. She also uses the foreign policy to increase the number of her military in the region so as to have effective control of almost all activities. All corporate media in the U.S., as well as international media, contribute significantly to making the U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East to be what it is. For instance, it is evident that the corporate media in the U.S. carry out their roles in favor of the government policies. The media in the U.S. portray this by barring the Americans from acquiring accurate information and understanding on all the activities carried out by their government in the Middle East and other parts of the world (Jentleson 567).

Marks & Spencer Essay Example for Free

Marks Spencer Essay Marks Spencer, a British retailer of clothing, food, home ware and financial services was started in 1884, when Michael Marks (a Russian-born Polish refugee) opened a stall at Leeds Kirkgate Market. Today Marks Spencer’s presence can be found in more than 40 countries across the world. A customer can easily shop for both food and clothes at most of the outlets in the UK. Other than that Marks Spencer’s also carries lines of 1) Identify and explain the different customer needs of which the three MS clothing ranges aimed to serve? Assume that the Perfect and Classic ranges serve essentially the same customer segment. One product which will always sell regardless of the world’s economic situation is clothes. Clothes are one of the most important requirements and wants for a person at the same time. You need to be clothed but at the same time you want to make a statement through your clothes of your beliefs, personality and moods. Clothes like pictures can say a whole lot more about a person and leave a long first impression as its the first thing you notice. Marks Spencer’s understands this about people and has made itself one the most well known brands in the world with a reputation to go with the name. The reputation build up is because Mark’s Spencer’s make it a point to provide to the needs and expectations of all its customers, who have a diverse taste and preference. There is something available for everyone. Let’s take three of Marks Spencer’s lines and identify the different needs each line aimed to satisfy. The first line is ‘The Perfect Collection’ and ‘The Classic Collection’. This line aims to facilitate those customers who are looking for something trendy of quality at a reasonable tag price. This customer lives a very hectic life, therefore wants it all, ease, quality and value packaged into one. This customer could be profiled as a woman aged 22-30, as she’s attending school, working and looking after domestic responsibilities; she wants to look good in something that is hassle-free as well as reasonably priced. The next line we’ll look at is ‘The Autograph’, this line aims to reach out those women who are looking for style, comfort and are willing to pay a little extra for it. The line aimed to provide to a niche of sorts. This line provided to its wearers elegance and the ability to stand out as a limited number of items are available in the market and that too only at certain outlets. It lets these women feel special and provides the environment of a boutique. As this line is made by a range of designers, it is nothing less than designer wear. This woman is the business executive who recognizes the truth in the fact that clothes make a man or in this case a woman. They want their clothes to spell out powerful, independent, elegant and unique all at the same time, which they do. As they know of the benefits in dressing well they don’t mind paying the little extra. For these women expenditure on their clothes will bring them ROI at the end of the working day. Their professionalism is visible through what they wear. The third line that we will examine is ‘per una’. This range was designed by, George Davies as a sub-brand for Marks Spencer for the fashion conscious woman and available in the sizes 8-18. This line is for the woman who is a little on the healthy side and knows that but at the same time wants to look good and keep up with the latest styles. This line is also a little less pricey making it accessible for these women to look good and do so at a budget. This woman would be a mother/ house wife belonging to the SEC C, D range. She’s not well off but she’s proud of her sense of style and wants to show it to the world.

Creating and applyign prototypes Essay Example for Free

Creating and applyign prototypes Essay Knowledge prototypes are like the framework of a house, there is enough detail to identify a certain object or event but there is also room to integrate new information or knowledge (Bargh, Chen Burrows, 1996). For example a mental prototype of a priest is someone who is male, wears a habit or vestment and works in the church. When we are confronted with say an image of a priest that is different from our prototype, then we accommodate that information into the prototype to enable us to identify a different kind of priest. Thus, when we see a pastor, we say that he is like a priest but is allowed to marry and serves Protestants or Baptists. Confronted with a female pastor, we again add another component to our prototype to accommodate the knowledge that for Christian groups, females can be pastors or head the church. However, when the mind is not exposed to other forms or kinds of a particular object or event, the prototype’s strength increases and therefore we only think and know that birds have wings and they can fly since all the birds we have encountered have these characteristics. Stereotypes results from a reinforced prototype and sometimes we think of others stereotypically and we tend to generalize a particular trait or characteristic to all other individuals or objects as sharing that characteristic. Stereotypes arise from unchallenged prototypes and we often tend to automatically rely on our stereotype of an individual or object to give judgment or opinions (Blair Banaji, 1996). I had a black American friend in college, she was pretty, smart and wiser than most of us back then. She was dark skinned and she came from New York, we always sat mesmerized by her tales of the city and how alive it was during the night. Since we lived in the same floor, she and I got to be best friends as the semester went by. I have never seen any pictures of her family and she said that she was an only child, and she did not like having pictures of her parents around her because she would only miss them more. When I looked at her, I just saw a black American girl, she had the same skin, the same wavy hair and curly at the roots, she was tall and had a certain bounce to her walk. I she talked about her parents love story and I was enthralled by the romance and adventure that her parents had because she said theirs was a love against all odds. I just thought then that it was because her mother came from a rich family and her father had a small second hand bookshop. As the term was about to end, she told me that her parents were picking her up and would I want to meet them, to which I readily agreed to. So on our end of term Saturday night, I was introduced to her parents and I got the surprise of my young age, her mother was white! It then all came rushing to me to realize that my friend was actually lighter than most other black Americans, and that her hair was only wavy, not really curly like others and she had brown eyes. This situation demonstrated misidentification, since I thought of my friend as a black American; I presumed that her parents were black and that they shared the same physical attributes. My mental prototype of black American children was that they had black American parents, and my prototype of genetics said that children inherent the characteristics of the parents. Thus I was thinking that since my friend was black, then her parents are also black (Fiske Taylor, 1991). There are some instances when it is easy to build prototypes, this include rich information objects or events, we know that an orange’s color is orange since it is named after the color, or we might think of the color orange and visualize the color of the fruit. There are also difficult situations wherein creating a prototype is a challenge. For example we are confronted with the image of a French bread, we now that it is long, crusty and hard to chew, thus if we are given a French bread that does not have this characteristics, then we say that what is served is not French bread but a croissant or a biscuit depending on its other characteristics. Prototypes are useful when we use it to accommodate new information, it can also be used or when we are asked to act in a situation that is strange and unpredictable and we retrieve from our prototypes to help us figure the new information (Macrae, Milne Bodenhausen, 1994). Like all other thought processes, prototypes is inexact, errors will be brought by the inability to match new information and the prototypes. Errors can be avoided when we adapt an open mind, and when we try to explore and learn more about an object or event and not jump into conclusions. References Blair, I. Banaji, M. (1996). Automatic and controlled processes in stereotype priming. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1142-1163. Bargh, J. , Chen, M. Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 230-244. Fiske, S. Taylor, S. (1991). Social Cognition. New York: McGraw-Hill. Macrae, C. , Milne, A. Bodenhausen, G. (1994). Stereotypes as energy-saving devices: A peek inside the cognitive toolbox. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 37-47.

The cholinergic drug

The cholinergic drug A cholinergic drug is a drug that acts on the peripheral nervous system, the central nervous system, or both and enhances the effects that are mediated by acetylcholine. It is also known as cholinergic agent, parasympathomimetic drug or cholinergic agonist. [1][2] It can work in two ways; either acting directly by mimicking the effects of acetylcholine at one or more acetylcholine receptors present in the body, or acting indirectly by blocking/inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholine that is responsible for the degradation/ hydrolysis of acetylcholine. [1][2] Depending on the type of receptor to act on, cholinergic drugs are either classified as muscarinic agonists or nicotinic agonists. [6] Anticholinergic drugs: An anticholinergic drug is a drug or an agent that competes with the neurotransmitter acetylcholine for its binding sites at synaptic junctions thereby suppressing or inhibiting its activity and thus preventing the transmission of parasympathetic nerve impulses. [3][4] Depending on the type of receptor to act on, anticholinergic drugs are either classified as muscarinic antagonists or nicotinic antagonists. [6] Pilocarpine: (Chemical formula=C11H16N2O2) Introduction: Pilocarpine is a naturally occurring alkaloid which is extracted from the South American shrub named Pilocarpus jaborandi. It is a non-selective cholinergic parasympathomimetic agonist that binds to muscarinic-M3 receptors and results in contraction of smooth muscles and stimulation of various exocrine glands. [5] The drug is available in the form of eye drops, tablets, suspensions and gel. It has a slow onset of action which is about 10 to 15 minutes but has a longer duration of action of about 6 to 8 hours, and therefore can be given thrice a day. It is inactivated at neuronal synapses and in plasma and is excreted in urine. Pilocarpine can be used in combination with other sympathomimetics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, miotics, beta-blockers, or hyperosmotic agents. [8] History: In 1875, Mr. Gerrard discovered pilocarpine from the leaves of Pilocarpus jaborandi. At that time, he believed that there were at least two alkaloids present in this plant. At the same time, M. Hardy isolated pilocarpine. In 1876, the isolated pilocarpine alkaloid was introduced to conventional ophthalmology for the treatment of glaucoma. 1879, Straws, while doing an active research concerning the sudoriferous secretion in cases of facial paralysis, was the first to employ local medication with pilocarpine and published relevant results. Chemical synthesis of pilocarpine: Although pilocarpine looks like a simple molecule but it has a complex chemical synthesis. This is because of the stereospecific construction of the imidazole moiety that is cis to the ethyl group on the butyrolactone ring which makes its synthesis difficult and challenging. The starting reagent for its synthesis is 2-acetylbutyrolactone which undergoes selenenylation by reacting with phenylaelenenyl chloride to produce a seleno lactone 2-acetyl-2-(phenylselenyl) butyrolactone with a yield of 94%. This is then subjected to oxidative elimination of selenoxide in the presence of cyclo-pentadiene and hydrogen peroxide to produce a mixture of endo and exo bicycle ketones in a ratio of 2.3:1. Pyrolysis (flash vacuum thermolysis) of these ketones produces a white solid 3-acetyl-2(5H)-furanone with a yield of 95%. This ketone is then reduced under mild conditions by treating it with an asymmetric reducing agent (+)-?-chlorodiisopinocamphenylborane, which is used particularly for chiral redu ctions, to produce (3R)-3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-2(5H)-furanone in 60% chemical yield and an optical purity of >92% that was determined by NMR analysis. Next, a stereocentre is introduced at C4 of the (3R)-3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-2(5H)-furanone by the Claisen rearrangement at its vinyl ether which produces an exocyclic double bond and the (4R)-acetaldehyde side chain. Both of them are necessary for the formation of the imidazole ring. This will result in a 2:1 mixture of (4R)-(Z)-dehydrohomopilopic aldehyde and (4S)-E-diastereomer in 71% yield. Hydrogenation of (4R)-(Z)-dehydrohomopilopic aldehyde in the presence of pyridine/benzene (1:1) solution at 25?C at 1atm for 1 hour produces (3s,cis)-Homopilopic aldehyde. Finally, when (3s,cis)-Homopilopic aldehyde is reacted with 1,5-disubstituted imidazole under aprotic conditions, it results in the formation of pilocarpine in 61% yield. [9] Structure-activity relationship (SAR): The nitrogen on the imidazole ring is protonated before interacting with the muscarinic receptor. There is a strong ionic interaction between the charged nitrogen atom and an anionic side group of an aspartate residue in the receptor. The methyl substitute on the nitrogen is positioned in an open region of the binding site. Hydrogen bonding interactions exist between the ester group of pilocarpine and an asparagines residue of the cholinergic receptor. A small hydrophobic pocket exists in the receptor site which can accommodate the methyl group of pilocarpine. The drug has a correct pharmacophore for the muscarinic receptor with a separation between nitrogen and oxygen being 4.4?A. [6] Mechanism of action: Pilocarpine is a direct acting cholinergic agent that resembles acetylcholine and therefore binds to the same muscarinic neuroreceptor and results in its stimulation. In eye, it causes contraction of the iris sphincter muscle and therefore results in miosis (pupil constriction). Clinical uses: Pilocarpine has been used in the treatment of both acute closed-angle and chronic open-angle glaucoma. [8] Glaucoma is a condition when the aqueous contents of the eye cannot be drained. This result in increased intraocular pressure which causes optic nerve damage and can lead to side vision damage (peripheral vision damage) and if not treated, can result in central vision damage and leads to irreversible blindness. [6] Pilocarpine is also used to treat xerostomia which is a condition characterised by dryness of the oral mucosa. The drug acts on cholinergic receptors in the glandular parenchyma thereby increasing the salivary secretion. [7] Pilocarpine hydrochloride (Salagen) tablets are prescribed to the patients suffering from Sjà ¶gren syndrome (SS) in order to treat their symptoms of xerostomia (dry mouth) and xerophthalmia (dry eyes). Sjà ¶gren syndrome (SS) is a chronic, autoimmune, rheumatic disorder in which immune cells attack and destroy the exocrine glands that produce tears and saliva. This in turn makes the individual susceptible to various infections and if untreated may also lead to other complications like bacterial sialadenitis, bacterial conjunctivitis, stomatopyrosis (burning mouth), oral candidiasis, oral ulcers, periodontal disease, accelerated dental caries, corneal ulceration or perforation, malnutrition, weight loss and sleep disruption. [5] Pilocarpine is also used to diagnose cystic fibrosis (CF). [8] Cystic fibrosis is a common hereditary disease which is characterised by scarring (fibrosis) and formation of cyst within the pancreas. The disease is characterised by shortness of breath, frequent chest infections, sinus infections, salty tasting skin, normal appetite but poor growth and poor weight gain, excess mucus production, diarrhea and infertility in males. [14] Sweat test method is used to diagnose of disease in which the drug stimulates sweat glands in order to measure the concentration of chloride and sodium that is excreted in the sweat. Pilocarpine is often used as an antidote for Atropine, Hyoscyamine and Scopolamine poisoning. [8] Adverse effects: Since pilocarpine is a non-selective muscarinic receptor anonist, its use can result in a wide variety of side-effects which can include lacrimation, excessive perspiration, excessive salivation, bronchospasm, increased bronchial mucus secretion, muscle tremors, tachycardia, hypertension, diarrhea, blurred vision and eye pain, browache and miosis when used chronically as an eye drop. When pilocarpine is used in the form systemic injection, it can cross the blood-brain barrier and reach the brain where it can lead to chronic epilepsy. [13] Suggestions for design of new drugs: Pilocarpine has significant delivery problems associated with its low lipophilicity. Its bioavailability in the eye is low, duration of action is fast due to its rapid elimination from the eye and above all, it has serious side effects like miosis and myopia. Based on the knowledge of dependence of drug delivery with physicochemical properties of the drug, a prodrug approach can be used to improve the delivery characteristics of pilocarpine. A prodrug should be designed such that it has a higher lipophilicity than pilocarpine which would enable it to cross the corneal membrane with ease, should have sufficient aqueous solubility so that it could be formulated as eyedrops, should be able to convert back to the active parent drug within the cornea, should have a controlled release and a prolonged duration of action. [10] Curare: Introduction: Curare is a nicotinic antagonist. It is a crude, dried extract from a plant called Chondrodendron tomentosum. [6] It is a mixture of 70 alkaloids. [11] The active principle in curare is tubocurarine (C37H41N2O6). [6]The antidote for curare poisoning is an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor (anti-cholinesterase), such as physostigmine or neostigmine. [15] The drug is available in the form of solutions and intravenous injections. It has an onset of action of about 4 to 6 minutes and duration of action of about 80 to 120 minutes. It is eliminated through kidney and liver. History of curare: During the sixteenth century, the South American indigenous people used curare as a paralyzing poison where they killed the prey by dipping the arrows or blowgun darts in curare. [16]The prey is killed due to asphyxia in which the respiratory muscles fail to contract. [16] In 1780, Abbe Felix Fontana studied the effects of curare on heart, voluntary muscles and nerves and found that it affects the voluntary muscles of the body as compared to the other two. [15] In 1800, Alexander von Humboldt reported the method used by the Orinoco River natives to prepare the curare toxin from its plant source.[16] During 1811-1812 Benjamin Collins Brodie (1783-1862), a leading English surgeon, experimented with curare. [16]He found that curare paralysed the respiratory muscles but the heart continued to beat for a while. [16]He was the first to show that if the animals respiration is maintained artificially, recovery is complete. [16] In 1850, George Harley found that tetanus or strychnine poisoning can be cured by using curare. [15] From 1887 the Burroughs Wellcome catalogue listed under its Tabloids brand name, tablets of curare at 1/12 grain (price 8 shillings) for use in preparing a solution for hypodermic injection. [15] In 1939, Henry Hallett Dale reported the antagonistic effect of curare on acetylcholine. [15] Mechanism of action: Curare is a non-depolarizing muscle relaxant that blocks the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. The main toxin of curare, d-tubocurarine, is a competitive antagonist of acetylcholine and so occupies the same position on the receptor as the neurotransmitter but does not switch it on. The overall effect on the body is the same as it would be in the absence of acetylcholine. [15] History of tubocurarine: In 1935, Harold King of London was experimenting on a sample of curare in Sir Henry Dales laboratory and was not only able to isolate tubocurarine in its pure form from the crude drug but also discovered its chemical structure. [16] In 1912, tubocurarine was used for the first time in medicine. [15] In 1942, tubocurarine was used along with anaesthetics in surgical procedures to relax muscles. [15] Structure-activity relationship: The structure of tubocurarine is shown in fig. Although the molecule does not have an ester group to bind to the nicotinic receptor, but it has two positively charged nitrogen atoms, one of which is a tertiary nitrogen atom while the other is a quaternary nitrogen. One of them binds to the anionic binding region of the nicotinic receptor while the other binds to a nearby cysteine residue that is 0.9-1.2nm away. Such an intreraction is so strong that it makes up for the lack of the ester binding interaction. Also, the distance between the two positive centres is 1.15nm which is also important for the activity of the drug. [6] Indication Curare is used in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis, [17]which is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies are produced against acetylcholine nicotinic post synaptic receptors at the neuro-muscular junction. [18] Curare is also used in surgical procedures in association with general anesthesia in order to facilitate in the relaxation of abdominal muscles when it is not possible with inhalation anesthesia. [12] Adverse effects: Curare has undesirable side-effects, the most common of which include hypotension (by ganglion-block and histamine release), bronchoconstriction (by histamine release), skeletal muscles paralysis and asphyxia (impaired breathing). [15] Suggestions for design of new drugs: Tubocurarine has undesirable side effects because it also acts as an antagonist at the nicotinic receptors of the autonomic nervous system. Also, its deactivation depends on metabolic mechanisms involving enzymatic deactivation and/or excretion, the efficiency of which varies from patient to patient and is particularly poor for patients with low levels of plasma esterases or kidney failure. Therefore, a self-destruct mechanism can be introduced into the design of a new drug for its sufficiently rapid breakdown. If a good electron withdrawing group is introduced on to a carbon that is beta to the quaternary nitrogen centre, Hofmann elimination is possible under the slightly alkaline pH of blood (pH = 7.4) and body temperature. The electron-withdrawing groups will function to increase the acidity of the hydrogen on the beta-carbon such that it is easily lost. Thus by introducing such a group, the drug is inactivated and is unable to bind to its receptor due to the loss of the positive charge on the quaternary centre and is split into two molecules. Thus deactivation occurs at a constant rate between patients. [6]

Economic Development in three Urban Areas: Atlanta, Baltimore and Cleve

Executive Summary The following pages review the comprehensive strategies that have been used by the cities of Atlanta, Baltimore and Cleveland to improve their economic conditions. It should become apparent to the reader that the fate of each city is determined by many factors including historical events, the balance of power between stakeholder groups, the ability of the city to capitalize on federal programs and the relationships between the private sector and the community. Unfortunately, no clear winning strategy arose from each city’s economic development efforts; they all caused both gainers and losers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Atlanta is a city that is led by business leadership whose main priority is to promote business interests that are at times at odds with the communities’ development. Baltimore, with very little private investment, relies heavily on its citizens' involvement whose collective bargaining and activism have hindered its political leadership’s attempts at growth. Cleveland has fallen victim to â€Å"ivory tower† leadership that has led to financial mismanagement and increased community frustration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have attempted to review the last decade in each city, and in the context of that city examine the strengths and weaknesses of their actions. The scope of this project is large. To focus the reader’s attention on the difficulty the cities have experienced in trying to meet their stakeholders’ needs and expectations, I have chosen to focus on a few specific actions that were taken in each city to promote economic development. This discussion is by no means exhaustive; additional learnings can be gleamed from further research. Atlanta Atlanta’s political and social structure and development has been characterized by what author Clarence Stone labels regime politics in his book Regime Politics: Governing Atlanta: 1946-1989. The regime’s determining factor is the loosely formed coalitions and collaborations between the white Atlanta elite and the black middle class leadership. The partnership (although the power was not balanced between the groups equally) has its beginnings in the 1940’s when astute white businessmen properly predicted the growth of a black middle class and a shifting in electoral power. Faced with two choices: to use their social and economic clout to fight the inevitable changes in politic... ...nnovation Study Suggests Metro Area Must Change its Priorities to Increase Prosperity.† Atlanta Journal & Constitution. Nov. 5, 2001. Shields, Gerard. â€Å"2 bills Aim to Bring BDC Into the Open; City Senators Want Agency's Meetings Accessible to Public; Mayor Opposes Measures; Proposals' Critics Say Business Dealings Require Secrecy.† The Baltimore Sun. February 21, 2000. Siegel, Eric. â€Å"Renewal Efforts Move at Slow Pace; Empowerment Zone Shows Spot Successes Five Years After Grant.† The Baltimore Sun. Jan 10, 2000. Smith, Jane. â€Å"A Dialogue on The Atlanta Project with Jane Smith, Executive Director.† The Inner City: Urban Poverty and Economic Development in the Next Century. ed Thomas Boston and Catherine Ross. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1997. pp. 291-297. Smothers, Ronald. â€Å"Cleveland Mayor Warns Newark an Arena Is No Cure-All.† New York Times. Oct 20, 1999. Stone, Clarence. Regime Politics: Governing Atlanta: 1946-1989. Lawrence, Ks: University Press of Kansas, 1989. â€Å"Videotape: The Cleveland Turnaround: Leadership In Action,† (Boston: Harvard Business Publishing Corporation, 1996). The Cleveland Today website. http://www.clevelandtoday.org/info/edit.html

Human Rights :: Human Rights Essays

This is a 3 page paper that describes evaluates and recommends the human right aspect of application in real life. INTRODUCTION: As laid down by the United Nations there are 30 articles pertaining to the definition of Human Rights. According to these articles it contains human rights to be considered innocent until proven guilty, and the right of freedom from discrimination and the right of free and fair trial. RESPECT FOR FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS: Globally speaking the world has faced a lot of human discrimination collectively in the past year, and this human rights violation is still going on. â€Å"All human beings, whatever their cultural or historical background, suffer when they are intimidated, imprisoned or tortured. The question of human rights is so fundamentally important that there should be no difference of views on this. We must therefore insist on a global consensus not only on the need to respect human rights world wide but more importantly on the definition of these rights.†(1). The tragedy of September 11 is a major human rights violation, but it doesn’t end here. The repercussions have lead into more human rights degrading. The supposedly guilty ‘terrorists’ held in Guatemala Bay are a living proof of serious human rights violation. With treatment meted out like animals to them they are being kept in cages in open view all the time. Where is one wonders the U.N. rights article number 11- Right to be considered innocent until proven Guilty? It is also clearly stated in the U.N. Charters of War and Crime that all arrests made in a state of war will be treated as Prisoners of War. And such prisoners have basic fundamental rights which are not being followed on these prisoners. To date there are innocent Saudis, Pakistani nationals and even French confined in these cages and whose governments are demanding their release. Since it is guarded severely in Cuba there are no exclusive pictures and footage to view for an audience however snaps and eye-witness accounts of Red Cross workers and Human Rights groups is available. â€Å"We need to think in global terms because the effects of one nation's actions are felt far beyond its borders. The acceptance of universally binding standards of Human Rights as laid down in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the International Covenants of Human Rights is essential in today's shrinking world. Respect for fundamental human rights should not remain an ideal to be achieved but a requisite foundation for every human society.

Reflective Log: Post Modernity

Through the lecture of week 2, I understood the definition of post modernity. It is defined that ‘Post modernity is a reaction to the advanced alienation of late capitalism tempt to restore some meaning to the existential despair over the growing irrationality of modernity’ (Lee, 1992). In addition, I also learned that post modernity has many characteristics which consists of hyper reality, chronology, fragmentation, dedifferentiation, pastiche, anti-foundationalism, reversals of production and consumption, decentering of subject and paradoxical juxtapositions. However, I did not understand what they are and it is really complex to learn initially. After the lecture, I knew them better than before. For example, Disney land theme parks all over the world could be strongly reflected the hyper reality. Personally, Hyperrealism is a symptom of postmodern culture. Hyper reality does not â€Å"exist† or â€Å"not exist. It is simply a way of describing the information to which the consciousness is subject. I good understand about this feature. Furthermore, take ‘Hui Li’ Sneakers in China as a good example. This brand sneaker is popular in 1990s, and goes out of the market for nearly 20 years, but it is popular on the market up again as the symbol of the main trend. Moreover, pastiche as a feature in post modernity was reflected interestingly. For example, in the post modern society, those creative people are not rigidly adhere to old things and want to use modern elements on the basis of the original classics. A famous oil painting of ‘The Last Supper’ by Leonardo da Vinci was recreated in a new interesting style. I have understood three features of hyper reality, chronology and pastiche very well. Nevertheless, the rest features are not so well understanding about them, and I will continually learn them step by step.

Differences between indentured servants and slaves Essay

During the early years of the 1600’s many Europeans and Africans moved over from England and became indentured servants. Indentured servants were employed by wealthy people and were used mainly for cheap labor. Some types of labor consisted of working in the fields and helping farmers. Around the 1680’s is when the employment of indentured servants slowly dropped. The reason for the drop was due to the rise of slavery. This was masterminded by European and euro-American colonist who created a slave based community. There were even laws that made slavery race dependent. There were some differences between indentured servants and slaves. Indentured servants were used for cheap labor. They communicated easily with their masters due to having the same religious views and cultures. Indentured servants were under a contract that banded them to their master for 7 years. Once the contract expired after 7 years they were freed. They were then allowed to acquire their own land. Slaves were also used for labor but there were laws that were put in place that treated them differently. One law they had was the â€Å"Anti-amalgamation law, which outlawed interracial sex and marriage, rendering any relationship between a male colonist and a female slave illegal, and any relationship between an African American male slave and a female colonist intolerable†. (Schultz, 2014). If an African American mother was to have a child, that child was born into slavery and thus made the child a slave as well, once he or she was old enough. The slaves did not have a contract that expired after 7 years. Slaves were permanently owned by their masters. This meant that their masters could punish them any way he saw fit for anything they did wrong. There were also no laws that oversaw the killings of someone’s own slave. The reason I chose this topic for my journal entry is because I did not know anything about indentur ed servants. I did not know such practice existed. I knew about slavery but did not have much knowledge about the subject until I read Chapter 3. References Schultz, K.M. (2014). U.S. History through 1877 (3rd ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Qualitative Analysis of Anions Essay

The objective of this experiment was to use qualitative analysis to determine the chemical characteristics of four known anions by systemic confirmatory testing. The chemical characteristics observed were to be used to identify an unknown sample. Sulphuric acid was to be added to a carbonate solution and an effervescent reaction would confirm the presence of carbonate anions. Another sample of carbonate solution was to be reacted with hydrochloric acid and the gaseous product was to be reacted with a suspended drop of barium carbonate. The presence of clouding in the droplet would also confirm the presence of carbonate anions. Silver nitrate was to be added to chloride solution and the formation of a white precipitate, silver chloride, would confirm the presence of chloride anions. Ammonium hydroxide would be added to dissolve part of the precipitate. The resultant supernatant solution was to be decanted and re-acidified with nitric acid to reform the precipitate and definitively confirm the presence of the chloride anion. Silver nitrate was to be added to iodide solution and the formation of a yellow precipitate, silver iodide, would confirm the presence of iodide anions. Another sample of iodide solution was to be reacted with drops of acetic acid until sufficiently acidic. Potassium nitrate was to be added to the solution causing a colour change. Methylene chloride was to be added to this sample and shaken to confirm the presence of iodide anions by forming two separate and differently coloured layers. A barium chloride-calcium chloride mixture was to be added to sulphate solution and heated to 90oC. The sample was to stand for a period of time to allow the formation of a  white precipitate, barium sulphate, confirming the presence of the sulphate anion. The addition of hydrochloric acid and subsequent heating were to have no effect on the presence, further confirming the presence of sulphate anions. MATERIALS AND METHODS EQUIPMENT CHEMICALS Test tubes Carbonate Solution, Test tube rack Concentrated Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 Eye dropper 6M Hydrochloric acid, HCL Graduated pipette Barium hydroxide solution Ba(OH)2 Pipette bulb Chloride solution, Cl- Pasteur pipette Iodide solution, I- Beaker 0.1M Silver nitrate, AgNO3 Thermometer Concentrated Ammonium hydroxide, NH4OH 6M Nitric acid, HNO3 6M Acetic acid. HC2H3O ­2 Potassium nitrate, KNO2 Methylene chloride solution, CH2Cl2 Sulphate solution, Barium chloride-Calcium chloride mixture, BaCl2-CaCl2 Unknown Sample 7 SAFETY Carbonate solution is hazardous in case of skin contact (sensitizer, irritant), of eye contact (irritant), inhalation (lung irritant), and ingestion. It should be kept in a cool, well-ventilated area. In case of spill, use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal container and neutralize the residue with a dilute solution of acetic acid. Hydrochloric acid is very hazardous in case of skin contact (sensitizer, corrosive, irritant, permeator), eye contact (corrosive, irritant), of inhalation (lung sensitizer, respiratory tract irritant), and ingestion (toxic). It should be kept in a dry container, kept away from oxidizing agents, organic materials, metals, alkalis, and moisture. In case of spill, dilute with water and mop with an inert dry material. Residue should be neutralized with dilute sodium carbonate. Chloride solution is hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant, permeator), of eye contact (irritant), ingestion, and inhalation (irritant). In case of spill, dilute with water and mop with an inert dry material and spread water on the contaminated surface. Iodide solution is lightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, and inhalation. In case of spill, use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal container. And spread water on the contaminated surface. Silver nitrate is very hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, permeator), of eye contact (irritant), of inhalation, and ingestion.. Silver nitrate kept away from heat, sources of ignition, and combustible material. In case of spill, use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal container. Ammonium hydroxide is very hazardous in case of skin contact (toxic, corrosive, irritant, permeator), eye contact (irritant), inhalation (toxic to upper respiratory tract), and ingestion (toxic). Water should never be added to ammonium hydroxide and it should be kept a way from incompatibles such as metals, acids. In case of spill, dilute with water and mop with inert dry material. Neutralize residue with dilute acetic acid. Nitric acid is very hazardous in  case of skin contact (corrosive, irritant, permeator), of eye contact (irritant, corrosive), and ingestion. It is slightly hazardous in case of inhalation (lung sensitizer, respiratory tract and mucus membrane irritant). Nitric acid is explosive in the presence of reducing materials, of organic materials, of metals, of alkalis. In case of spill, dilute with water, mop with an inert dry, and neutralize the residue with a dilute solution of sodium carbonate. Acetic acid is very hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. It is hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, permeator), of eye contact (corrosive). It should be kept away from sources of heat, ignition, and oxidizing material. In case of spill, Dilute with water, mop with an inert dry, and neutralize the residue with a dilute solution of sodium carbonate. Potassium nitrite is extremely hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, and inhalation. In case of spill, use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal container. Potassium nitrite should be kept dry, away from sources of ignition, heat, and combustible materials. Methylene chloride is very hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation, and skin contact (irritant, permeator). In case of spill dilute with water and mop with an inert dry material. Sulphate solution is hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant), skin contact (irritant), and ingestion. In case of skin contact, wash with soap and water, and cover area with an emollient. In case of spill, Dilute with water, mop with an inert dry material spread water on the contaminated surface. (ScienceLab, 2005) PROCEDURE Please refer to Lab 3: Qualitative Analysis Part 2- Anions chemistry Laboratory Manual 2013-2014, Durham College, pages 11-12 for full list of Materials and Methods. OBSERVATIONS Table 1a: Testing for the presence of Carbonate, CO32- anions 2 drops concentrated H2SO4 added, Test tube shaken Additional Observations Carbonate Solution, 3mL effervescence seen as colourless gas rises from bottom of test tube test tube feels much warmer, upon wafting the gas has a mildly unpleasant, acrid smell The presence of an effervescent reaction indicated that the sample had carbonate anions present. Table 1b: Testing for presence of Carbon Dioxide, CO2 ­ to confirm the presence of CO32- anions 2 drops 6M HCl 1 drop BaOH suspended over test tube Carbonate Solution, 3mL small amount of effervescence noted about 5 seconds after being suspended over test tube, the base of the droplet clouded with white precipitate The addition of HCl to the sample resulted in some rising gas bubbles, indicated that a gas was being formed. The clouding of the barium hydroxide droplet indicated it was reacting with carbon dioxide escaping the tube and thus confirmed the presence of carbonate anions in the sample. Table 2: Testing and confirming for the presence of Chloride, Cl- anions 5 drops 0.1M AgNO3 added NH4OH is added drop-wise Supernatant solution is decanted, 6M HNO3 is added Chloride Solution, 5mL cloudy white precipitate formed precipitate partially dissolved upon addition, distinct clear supernatant formed above remaining precipitate cloudy white precipitate reformed, small white granulations settled at bottom of test tube 6 drops of ammonium hydroxide, NH ­4OH, were added to the sample 6 drops of the nitric, HNO3, were added to acidify the sample The formation of a cloudy white precipitate in the presence of silver nitrate indicated that the sample had chloride anions present. The subsequent addition of ammonium and re-acidification of the sample resulted in the reformation of a cloudy whit precipitate, thus confirming the presence of chloride anions. Table 3a: Testing for the presence of Iodide, I- anions 5 drops 0.1M AgNo3 added Iodide Solution, 5mL cloudy pale yellow precipitate formed The presence of a cloudy yellow precipitate with silver nitrate indicates presence of iodide anion. Table 3b: Testing and confirming the presence of Iodide, I ­- anions Acetic acid is added drop-wise 2 drops KNO2 added 15 drops Methylene chloride added, test tube shaken Iodide Solution, 5mL Blue Litmus Paper confirmed the solution was acidic by turning red solution turned a mustard-brown colour 2 distinct layers formed in the test tube. The bottom layer was reddish magenta, and the top layer was a burnt-orange colour 2 drops of acetic acid, HC2H3O2, were added to acidify sample Upon confirming the sample was indeed acidic, it reacted with the potassium nitrate to change to a mustard-brown colour. The addition of the methylene chloride formed 2 distinctly coloured layers, thus confirming that the solution had iodide anions present. Table 4: Testing and confirming the presence of Sulphate SO42- anions 0.5mL of BaCl2-CaCl2 mixture added Test tube heated, stood for 10 minutes 5 drops 6M HCl, test tube heated Sulphate Solution, 3mL very faint wisps of cloudy white precipitate appeared noticeable cloudy white precipitate distributed throughout solution addition of HCl made test tube feel warm after heating test tube precipitate remained dispersed in solution In each instance of heating, the test tube was placed in a boiling water bath at 90oC The final heating of the test tube was for approximately 5minutes at 90oC The reaction of the sulphate solution with the barium chloride-calcium  chloride solution, when heated, resulted in the appearance of a fine white precipitate, indicating the sample had sulphate anions present. The subsequent addition of HCl and reheating resulting in the solution remaining relatively the same further confirmed that sulphate anions were present. Table 5a: Testing for Unknown Sample 7 for the presence of Carbonate, CO32- anions 2 drops concentrated H2SO4 added, Test tube shaken Additional Observations Unknown Sample 7, 3mL no visible effervescence no noticeable change to test tube’s temperature The lack of effervescence and heat produced by the sample indicated the absence of carbonate anions in the sample. Table 5b: Testing Unknown Sample for presence of Carbon Dioxide, CO2 ­ to confirm the presence of CO32- anions 2 drops 6M HCl 1 drop BaOH suspended over test tube Unknown Sample 7, 3mL no noticeable effervescence suspended droplet remained clear, despite being held over test tube for 15 seconds The sample did not react with the hydrochloric acid to produce a gas that reacted with the barium hydroxide, thus the suspended droplet remained clear. The results further confirmed the absence of carbonate anions. Table 6: Testing and confirming Unknown Sample for the presence of Chloride, Cl- anions 5 drops 0.1M AgNO3 added NH4OH is added drop-wise Supernatant solution is decanted, 6M HNO3 is added Unknown Sample 7, 5mL pale yellow precipitate formed no change to solution no change to solution 6 drops of ammonium hydroxide, NH ­4OH, were added to the sample Nitric acid, HNO3, was unable to be added to the precipitate as no clear supernatant was formed The lack of formation of a cloudy white precipitate in the presence of silver nitrate indicated that the sample did not have chloride anions present. The subsequent addition of ammonium and re-acidification of the sample were rendered purposeless. Table 7a: Testing Unknown Sample for the presence of Iodide, I- anions 5 drops 0.1M AgNo3 added Unknown Sample 7, 5mL cloudy pale yellow precipitate formed The presence of a cloudy yellow precipitate with silver nitrate indicates presence of iodide anion. Table 7b: Testing and confirming Unknown Sample for the presence of Iodide, I ­- anions Acetic acid is added drop-wise 2 drops KNO2 added 15 drops Methylene chloride added, test tube shaken Unknown Sample, 5mL Blue Litmus Paper confirmed the solution was acidic by turning red solution turned a mustard-orange colour  2 distinct layers formed in the test tube. The bottom layer was reddish-purple, and the top layer was an orange-brown 2 drops of acetic acid, HC2H3O2, were added to acidify sample Upon confirming the sample was indeed acidic, it reacted with the potassium nitrate to change to a mustard-orange colour. The addition of the methylene chloride formed 2 distinctly coloured layers, thus confirming that the solution had iodide anions present. Table 8: Testing and confirming Unknown Sample for the presence of Sulphate SO42- anions 0.5mL of BaCl2-CaCl2 mixture added Test tube heated, stood for 10 minutes 5 drops 6M HCl, test tube heated Unknown Sample, 3mL no precipitate formed no noticeable precipitate formed no change to solution In each instance of heating, the test tube was placed in a boiling water bath at 90oC The final heating of the test tube was for approximately 5minutes at 90oC The lack of precipitate formation in the test indicated that the sample was absent of sulphate anions. This result was further confirmed by the subsequent addition of hydrochloric acid and reheating failing to produce a precipitate. DISCUSSION: A strong acid such as H2SO4, sulphuric acid, combined with carbonate produces an effervescent reaction due to the formation of carbon dioxide. The heat felt from the test tube was a result of the exothermic reaction that the carbonate solution underwent in the presence of a strong acid. Sulfuric acid is a strong acid, but only for the first H, so it dissociates into H+ ion and the bisulfate ion, HSO4-. HSO4- is a weak acid and does not dissociate to a great extent, but it also reacts with carbonate (Dartmouth College, 2003). The presence of sulphur may have accounted for the mildly unpleasant scent wafted during the experiment. As indicated by the results of Table 1b, the formation of CO2 acted as a positive indicator for the presence of CO32- in a solution, as expressed by: 2H+(aq) + CO32-(aq) → H2O(l) + CO2(g). The exposure of the produced gas, carbon dioxide, to barium hydroxide resulted in the a cloudy white precipitate due to the formation of barium carbonate as expressed by: H2O (l) + CO2 (aq) + Ba2+ ­Ã‚ ­(aq) → BaCO2 (s) + 2 H+(aq). The addition of 01M AgNO3, silver nitrate, to the chloride solution resulted in the formation of a white precipitate due to the formation of silver chloride as expressed by: AgNO3 (aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s) + NO3 (g). It is interesting to note that chlorides are generally soluble, with the exception of lead(II) and silver chloride. When concentrated NH4OH was added to the silver chloride precipitate dissolved due to the formation of an ammine complex, [Ag(NH3)2]+. Silver nitrate is generally acidified with dilute nitric acid to prevent the precipitation of other non-halide silver salts (Brown, 2012). Nitric acid acidified the solution due to the addition of H+ ions to the solution, resulting in re-precipitation, thus definitively indicating the presence of chloride anions. This is expressed as AgCl(s) +  2NH3(aq) → Ag(NH3)2+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Ag(NH3)2+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + 2H+(aq) → AgCl(s) + 2NH4+(aq) The addition of 0.1M AgNO3 to the iodide solution resulted in the formation of a cloudy yellow precipitate as expressed by: AgNO3(aq) + I- → AgI(s), which as a precipitate is insoluble in concentrated ammonia. The addition of 6M acetic acid, HC2H3O2, acidified the solution, as confirmed by the litmus test. The newly acidic solution reacted with potassium nitrite, KNO2, reducing the nitrite to nitrogen dioxide as expressed by: I-(aq) + KNO2 → KI(aq) + NO2(g). The liberation of iodine in the reaction resulted in a brownish change in colouration of the solution (SUNY Chemisty, 2005). The failure of the sample to turn a reddish-brown may have been a source of error due to a failure to sufficiently rinse the cleaned test tube with DI water. Methylene chloride, CH2Cl2, which is a non-polar organic compound was added to the solution reacted with the iodide in the solution to form a violet coloured layer of denser solution, which settled at the bottom of the test tube. An alternative means of testing for the presence of iodide anions would have been to use starch, which forma a characteristic blue-black complex. The addition of the barium chloride-calcium chloride mixture, BaCl2-CaCl2, to the sulfate solution resulted in the formation of an insoluble white sulphate, barium sulphate as expressed by: Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) → BaSO4(s). Other insoluble barium salts contain anions of weak acids (CO32-, SO32-and PO43-). Precipitation of these anions is generally prevented by acidifying the solution (Yoder, 2014). The products of the reaction were made more prominent by the catalyzing the reaction with heat, resulting in a more noticeably fine white precipitate distributed throughout the solution. The addition of 6M HCl, hydrochloric acid, served to acidify the solution, further illustrating the insolubility of the barium sulfate precipitate, thereby confirming the presence of sulphate anions. The unknown sample was placed through all confirmatory tests. It failed to react with Sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid to produce an effervescent reaction, indicating it was carbonate absent. Unknown Sample 7 did not react with the BaCl2-CaCl2 mixture to form a precipitate regardless of heat, indicating the absence of sulphate anions. Unknown Sample 7 formed a pale cloudy yellow precipitate upon the addition of silver nitrate, immediately indicating the presence of iodide anions, disqualifying the need to test  further for chloride. The addition of acetic acid to Unknown Sample 7 provide a sufficient acidic environment for the potassium nitrate to release iodine, thus the solution appeared as a dark mustard orange. The methylene chloride confirmed the presence of iodide anion when a distinct reddish-purple layer settled at the bottom of another distinctly coloured layer of solution. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the experiment, Unknown Sample 7 demonstrated the formation of a precipitate in the presence silver nitrate, a change in colouration when mixed with potassium nitrate, and the formation of 2 distinctly coloured layers when methylene chloride was added to the solution and shaken. In accordance with the chemical properties exhibited by the 4 known anions during the qualitative testing, it can be concluded the Unknown Sample 4 clearly demonstrated the characteristic chemical responses of a solution with I- ions present. QUESTIONS 1. An ion is an atom that has lost or gained an electron to form a charged particle. 2. An anion is a negatively charged particle due to the atom gaining one or more electrons. A cation is a positively charged particle due to the atom losing one or more electrons. 3. H2SO4(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) 4a. Aluminum ion: Group IIIA, Al3+ 4b. Sulphur ion: Group VIA, S2- 4c. Iodide ion: Group VIIA, I- 4d. Oxygen ion: Group VIA, O2- 4e. Chloride ion: Group VIIA, Cl- REFERENCES Birk, J. P. (2001, December 4). General Chemistry With Qualitative Analysis. Retrieved from Arizona State University: http://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/qual/qual.html Brown, W. (2012). Chemical Tests. Retrieved from Doc Brown’s Chemistry: http://www.docbrown.info/page13/ChemicalTests/ChemicalTestsa.htm Dartmouth College. (2003, May). ChemLab Chapter 5. Retrieved from Qualitative Analysis of Cations: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/chem3-5/qual_an/overview/procedure.html ScienceLab. (2005, October 10). Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) List. Retrieved from Science Lab: http://www.sciencelab.com/msdsList.php SUNY Chemisty. (2005, December). Anion Analysis. Retrieved from Chemistry 112: http://employees.oneonta.edu/kotzjc/LAB/Anion.pdf Tro, N. J. (2011). Essential Introductory Chemistry (4th ed.). Toronto: Prentice Hall. White, R. (2013-2014). Qualitative Analysis Part 2- Anions. Chemistry 1 Laboratory Manual, 7-9. Yoder, C. (2014, November). Qualitative Analysis of CAans and Anions. Retrieved from Wired Chemist: http://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/instructional/laboratory-tutorials/qualitative-analysis

Dramatic devices Essay

Compare and contrast the characters of Inspector Goole and Mr Birling in Act One. How does J.B Priestly use dramatic devices to help shape an audiences’ response to views presented in this play.  J.B Priestly’s play was set in 1912 but written in 1945. The President at the time was called Herbert Asquith. The Titanic was built and nicknamed, ‘The Unsinkable’. It crashed on its first commercial journey on an iceberg and sunk, more than a hundred were unfound. It was just before World War 1 broke out against Germany. In 1945, World war 2 had just ended. Thousands upon thousands had perished in the war and the country was grieving its vast loses, still pondering the horrific situation upon which they had been left in. The country was brought together in sadness and grieving.  Britain in 1912 was a nation divided by class. Poverty was no longer the fault of the poor but the fault of society Britain had created. While the poor suffered, the rich and middle class enjoyed a lifestyle which even people today would envy. Poverty ravished the country. This was made to a great extent worse by World war 1 and 2. Priestly, through this play was trying to show the appalling fault of society. The extremes and ignorance of the Capitalist views and that unless it stopped this kind of poverty and war would continue happening. He was trying to convey to the audience his Socialist views. By undertaking this, he could outline all the negative points of Capitalist ideas and at the same time highlight all the good points about the Socialist ideas, effectively demonstrating the potential of Socialist views and subconsciously allowing people to think twice about Capitalism. The Inspectors name, Goole, is a dramatic device used in order to express to the audience that there is a kind of mysterious nature about him. The Goole name relating to such as a ghost as it sounds a lot like ‘ghoul’. This is very ironic, as he seems to act this very well. Goole is also a seaport town, this can be linked with the referral to ‘fish’ for information. He is fishing for information from the Birling family. He is much like Eva Smith, just another face in the crowd, common. This links with the name ‘Smith’ it is a very common name. Eve was the very first women in the Bible and is represented in that way as being very innocent and is an innocent victim in this matter. She is representing society and all the oppressed victims. This associates with the continuous repetition of â€Å"A lot of these young women† by the Inspector which further hints to what or who Eva Smith represents. He also seems to be omniscient about the matter of Eva Smith. Almost intimidating at times. None of the Birling family is sure how much he already knows, but all the same he still drags the truth from them. The Inspector is not a big man and ‘need not be a big man as he creates at once the impression of massiveness, solidity and purposefulness’. He is in his fifties and dressed in a plain darkish suit of the period. Priestly introduces him as a superior person. A person who is going to make an impact even before he has spoken based purely on his appearance. Because of the Inspectors appearance it gives a que for everyone including the audience to take him seriously. His appearance alone demands respect. He comes across as being very professional, organised and thus good at his job. He is talked about by Sheila as if you cannot trick him. He will find out what he does not already know. The Inspector is the catalyst in the play. He speeds up all the confessions of the characters in the play by the belief of the other characters that he already knows everything and he tries to make them change in order to help society. On the other hand, Arthur Birling is a:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Heavy looking very portentous man in his middles fifties with fairly easy manners but rather provincial in his speech.†Ã‚  The spotlight is immediately taken off Mr Birling when the Inspector walks in and this discomforts him. The Inspector looks somewhat superior to Mr Birling. Mr Birling hates this as he demands social status because of how rich he is. He tries very hard to gain social superiority but lacks refinement. â€Å"Tell the cook for me† It is bad manners to comment on the food at your own house, Mrs Birling says to him â€Å"Arthur you must not say such things.† As you can see by this, Mrs Birling is Mr Birling’s social superior. This is ironic as he is trying to depict himself as a person of high social status but it has already been seen by his actions and what he says that he is not of high social status, he lacks the correct mannerisms. The effect of this is that he is made to look dim-witted and the audience would not look to him as being a superior man to the inspector but the same underneath. The inspector speaks like a judge or prophet. He continually makes comments about the actions of the characters in the play. The Inspector seems to care a lot about other people. He believes everyone should act as a community and all have responsibility for their actions against anyone. This is in deep contrast to the morals of Mr Birling. Mr Birling thinks that he has no responsibility over his employees. If he fires them then it is their responsibility what they do. He is very ‘right wing’ in his thinking and does not believe that everyone is equal.

Belief And Faith In Organisations Cultural Studies Essay

Belief And Faith In Organisations Cultural Studies Essay Religion and think of an organization is tradition. It's a term which is not unusual and is understood to nearly every person on earth. It outlined and could be equally discussed freely or it may be simply comprehended mutually, in other words, without stating anything-but could be represented in the only functions of even a company, team or a person. It's something not absent in all facets of our own lives. To put it differently, it's the real reason for an individual's behavior. But tradition may emerge in a variety of circumstances including cultural tradition and culture. It's worthy and a development of praise. You will find five measurements of the tradition: Masculity, Uncertainty prevention, Personal Group and Power Space Ferminity. Culture may be understood to be the organized manner to do things within an company where principles and beliefs which can be created inside the company is discussed. Therefore, the tradition direct the behavior of the people in the business. Additionally it is referred to as business lifestyle and is an integral facet of any workplace or business environment. Several occasionally we notice people make claims like: "Here Is just how is done points here". They may be the truth is that revealing or speaking in regards to the tradition. For varieties of Business civilizations are Bureaucratic, Flexible and Corperative. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_culture Records from Pitch Hand-Outs Some Notes from Company Conduite. Cultural lifestyle is how individuals act according from what they've realized out of society or their family. This can be usually according to the competition anyone lives in or the state that she or he is from. It includes emphasizing ways that are specific that the items are complete and do-ing specific things. Distinct civilizations 've gotten distinct understandings of issues that were seeing. Something which could possibly be dismissed or as standard in one single tradition that was cultural might be considered to not be as low overlook in another. For instance,for instance, the notion of relationship in the tradition that is Oriental as well as the American tradition and each additional differ. It's an average matter to get a few to call home together without marriage in the lifestyle that is American. Yet, in the Oriental lifestyle (primarily Indian) it's really an excellent failure to do such factor plus in addition, it exhibits contempt for the ideals organized in their opi nion. Discovering the huge difference between both of these civilizations is this in Organisational tradition CHANGE usually takes spot frequently and readily. Say in case a kiwi supervisor of the business modifications, it is not unlikely the way points are complete because business may furthermore alter in accordance with the supervisor that is newest. Organisational lifestyle is generated from whoever owns the organisation/firm it self as well as the individuals who work with him. Organisational lifestyle period is dependent upon the operating as well as the equilibrium of their direction and such specific company. Organisational tradition h-AS boundation that is regular /connection by means of the people dealing together. Although the change in the tradition that is Racial just isn't a typical stuff that will occur often. Actually when there is an alteration, it could consider under consideration in to quite a few additional matters prior to the real selection is manufactured. Number of individuals creates racial culture /society discussing thoughts and sam-e opinions from previous period of time. Tradition period that is cultural typically are from wonderful earlier of forefathers. Ethnic lifestyle have really near heartedly connection by means of the people of this society. Racial tradition functions from spiritual and the tradition about the notion. Cultural lifestyle h AS less versatility because it's just adjustable lifestyle that is low and static. Cultural lifestyle h-AS host of diversity and selection when it comes to food, considering, clothing. Cultural traditions assistance is restricted for the individuals who make an effort to alter themselves in accordance with the scenario. Schein, E.H. (1985-2005) Business Tradition and Management, 3rd Ed., Josseybass ISBN 0-787-9-7597-4 Pitch hand-outs by Mona Some Notes from Company Conduite. (2) Direction Lifestyle - Describe how social understandings might affect behavior as well as the direction design of business or the person The direction instance that I've selected for the 2 concerns that are following, is the fact that of my Supervisor. He lately transferred to Nz and stems in the Sydney. COMPONENT A It's an extremely frequent consideration to listen to some one state: "No person is exactly the same". Lots of that time period this term can be used to generate folks realise that every person h AS diverse skills which it would unwise to examine yourself by means of another person only to be deterred by particular things one particular can-not execute while another may. Therefore, also an individual's understanding and each additional differ. Understanding means the method whereby individuals arrange, obtain and inter-Pret details in the surroundings. Numerous variables bring about individuals having intelligent that is various. As an example from, the household ideals which they obtained, the culture or the surroundings they was raised in etc. Since tradition is related to the conduct of somebody, it's quite probably that there's a large sway of the way in which issues are viewed by a person and execute things which could change from your additional man. It-no question performs an important part in the specialist area because lifestyle is apparent in all facets of our lifestyles. His ethnic heritage is greatly depicted by the authority fashion of my Mgr.. He comes from Sydney as cited before, as well as the tradition there's not rather same from my own, personal lifestyle. It's quite obvious in my experience that his authority design displays extremely on such a after having an exchange with him about his breeding and tradition. As a person, he aims to carry through his purpose as a supervisor and takes his career critically. Yet, he doesn't offer large respect to his standing on a regular basis. Usually, he and his workers joke, whether it is about a few other subjects or perform. He considers that employed within an company is in the manner of a household According to his tradition, offering because of the demands of his family is hardly unimportant which simply will not me-an purchasing them the necessary however in once getting quality moment away to invest together. So when work hrs are finished he requests every one depart the leftover employment for 24 hours later and to abandon the premises. It may be figured, his ethnic understanding is reflected by his management job. ( Address hand-outs by Mona ) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_culture Some Records and Information from Company Conduite. COMPONENT B Me definitely does impress, particularly just how he applies to the fact along with his employees that he's quite friendly. On the other hand, being from a culture that is totally diverse, my strategy could not be rather same. While I 'd enjoy to get the easiness between my employees and me, I might at once anticipate they understand and value the place whom I got in the business. This greatly demonstrates from my ethnic heritage from my facet of the household, where we occur after every person and the predominantly organization values and values their regulators that are higher. On the other hand, that doesn't me-an that acknowledgement is required on a regular basis by this strategy but frequently on when more than a few of these have a tendency to overlook their independence being easygoing by means of the personnel causes some trouble later. Like the majority of the civilizations, for the households needs offering is crucial within my lifestyle. In a somewhat dissimilar circumstance from the lifestyle of my supervisor, our perception is not and to get the perform done when possible to depart the benefit to-morrow of today's. So, work that was hard is established during his or her mindset towards his work, earning a method for promotional material or their evaluation. Obligation is some thing of esteem that is large and is valued at facets and all amounts of the area that is operating. As an Indian, I realized that Foreign tend to be mo-Re sensitive and painful plus they welcome the strategy which comes directly to them-which signifies they connect you in the standing of equivalence in the place of standing of ethnic brilliance While having a dialogue that was friendly with the personnel is beneficial to develop their regard and admiration, it's urged to not allow it to be a custom wherein one forgets to cover regard to those they've been afflicted by. For instance,for instance, frequently and fully being a supervisor concerning your-self in gags during work-hours would unethical. The motives behind this are warranted from my understanding. There could make sure individuals who could easily get offended at this reality plus reason which they don't fit in the company and they might begin to distance themselves from the others. So, my strategy and that of my supervisor as a result of our distinct ethnic understandings might surely vary. As I will be an indian ( Address hand-outs by Mona ) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_culture Some Records and Information from Company Conduite. COMPONENT III - Multi-Cultural company Every organisation consists of individuals. Individuals, that are people that are exceptional, also have various understandings for things that are different and come from other ethnic backdrops. An expression which is popular in describing companies is "multi-cultural organisation". The phrase variety is frequently connected to the expression. Variety is a phrase utilized to refer to the big difference among individuals on the job , which might be according to expertise, age, sex, the competition etc. Business that is Multi-cultural identifies the existence of distinct ethnicities in a business. A number of the features of a multicultural company are: Pluralism- People of civilizations, whether bulk or fraction get the capacity to affect the environment of procedures and essential beliefs. Architectural integration- associates from your fraction-tradition are reasonably re-presented in most occupations in any way amounts as well as in most practical duties. Casual community integration- fraction-lifestyle members get help in the profession improvement in types of support and coaching groups. Lack of splendour and bias - the demand to remove the lifestyle- through the use of various coaching and taskforce actions team prejudices. Minimal intergroup discord- variety will not encourage harmful clashes between members of fraction and bulk ethnicities. You'll find lots of advantages as well as drawbacks of being a true innovator in a cultural business that is multi. Edges Embracing lifestyle, practices and custom - It can help someone to manage the struggles between residence lifestyle/conventions and lifestyle that is fresh /conventions. In case that one discovers fresh vocabulary it really is a masterkey for the tradition that is second. C-Reative problemsolving - It can help anyone to generate alternative to your difficulty. In case that issue is being solved by one for whom the position enhances the option should both have worth, certainly resolve the mentioned difficulty or valued by some body. Minuses Battle increases - Really Being A innovator and battle can be created by functioning with individuals from varied places. Scenario appears are prepared with sights and several thoughts or were the other folks will not be ready to acknowledge the orders and attempts. Social issue - Social difficulties have been all seen by us in the course of our existence associations that are extended may not be easy to handle. Our self-esteem trust and is influenced this way, it are able to make li Fe that is handling change hard and give rise to conversation abilities that are previously lousy. Direction managing problems - Really Being A head its among the job that is difficult since you've got therefore a lot of people functioning from characteristics, behaviours, distinct ethnicities and age alongside you. S O at the same period one seems to function until it is often worst or the recommendations are prepared by him which the others must follow along with should they must live for the reason that firm. Thing that is certain like preparation and prediction, evaluation of aggressive and hazards, doubt tendering must be handled. Pitch giveaways by Mona http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_culture Some Notes from Company Conduite.

The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy - Essay Example This in turn would help promote psychotherapy. In 1995, it was determined that professionals should be trained exclusively in the use of Empirically Supported or Validated Therapies. This move was given a push when the American Psychologists Association (APA) published the first of its task force reports. Since then Empirically Validated Therapy (EVT), Empirically Supported Therapy (EST), and Evidence Based Practice (EBP), refers to therapeutic treatments which are deemed empirically sound and valid, by a particular research methodology. Thus these therapies or treatments can be officially used in the psychotherapy. This however implied that those therapies which do not make the list are not empirically valid and these alternative methods of treatment are therefore considered irrelevant. This stirred up a hornet's nest in the world of psychotherapy and was the beginning of a controversy which persists even today. The Empirically Validated Treatment movement brought about a split between psychotherapists, i.e. those who saw thems elves as scientists and those who saw themselves as practitioners. a science, it deals with human emotions which vary a great deal from person to person and hence a humanistic psychodynamic approach has to be used which is tailored to individual clients. If this is the case then most of their techniques would not validated by the strict research methodology put forward for Empirical validation. Today, the controversy continues as the psychotherapists challenge the traditional methods of research and expose unsubstantiated assumptions on which this research is based and therapies accepted as Empirically Validated/Supported Therapies. Arguments for the Empirically Validated/ Supported Treatment It is important to know why and how the Empirically Validated/Supported Treatment came into being. The American Psychiatrists Association developed the Empirically Validated Treatment (EVT). These were mostly medications and validation methods favoring biological treatment approaches. This is when the American Psychologists Association decided to develop their own EVT. The psychologists did not like the idea of research proving therapy or the claim that the success of a therapy could be proven. Since validated could mean proven, they changed the terminology to EST, i.e. Empirically Supported Treatment. The arguments for having EST in psychotherapy are extremely valid and relevant. 3 1. Psychotherapy is a Science: Psychotherapists have always been considered scientists and psychotherapy a science. However science demands empirical validation of theory. Thus it is maintained that only effective psychotherapy which is supported by empirical proof should be considered for treatment. It is inconceivable that physicians would conduct experimental treatments without the consent of patients or that FDA would approve medicines without proof of their efficacy and knowledge of side-effects. To the scientific committee it is therefore shocking that there is no way of determining what is and what is not effective psychotherapy. Hence for psychotherapy to remain in the realms of science it is necessary that ESTs be used in the clinics. 2. Protection of Patients: In the 1970's and 80's there were a multitude of psychotherapy